The Evolving Landscape of Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Genitourinary Cancers.

In the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have been approved for treatment of genitourinary malignancies and have revolutionized the treatment landscape of these tumors. However, despite the remarkable success of these therapies in some GU malignancies, many patients' tumors do not respond to these therapies, and others may experience significant side effects, such as immune-related adverse events (iRAEs). Accordingly, biomarkers and improved prognostic tools are critically needed to help predict which patients will respond to ICI, predict and mitigate risk of developing immune-related adverse events, and inform personalized choice of therapy for each patient. Ongoing clinical and preclinical studies continue to provide an increasingly robust understanding of the mechanisms of the response to immunotherapy, which continue to inform biomarker development and validation. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of biomarkers of the response to immunotherapy in GU tumors and their role in selection of therapy and disease monitoring.