[Multiple primary tumors in children: a clinicopathological analysis of four cases].

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features of children with metachronous or synchronous primary tumors and to identify related genetic tumor syndromes. Methods: The clinicopathological data of 4 children with multiple primary tumors diagnosed in the Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China from 2011 to 2023 were collected. The histological, immunophenotypic and molecular characteristics were examined using H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining, PCR, Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS). The patients were followed up. Results: Case 1 was an 8-year-old boy with the adrenal cortical carcinoma, and 5 years later a poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma was detected. Case 2 was a 2-year-old boy, presented with a left ventricular choroid plexus carcinoma, and a hepatoblastoma was detected 8 months later. Case 3 was a 9-month-old girl, diagnosed with renal rhabdoid tumor first and intracranial atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) 3 months later. Case 4 was a 7-year-old boy and had a sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma 3 years after the diagnosis of a glioblastoma. The morphology and immunohistochemical features of the metachronous or synchronous primary tumors in the 4 cases were similar to the corresponding symptom-presenting/first-diagnosed tumors. No characteristic germ line mutations were detected in cases 1 and 2 by relevant molecular detection, and the rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome was confirmed in case 3 using NGS. Case 4 was clearly related to constitutional mismatch repair deficiency as shown by the molecular testing and clinical features. Conclusions: Childhood multiple primary tumors are a rare disease with histological morphology and immunophenotype similar to the symptom-presenting tumors. They are either sporadic or associated with a genetic (tumor) syndrome. The development of both tumors can occur simultaneously (synchronously) or at different times (metachronously). Early identification of the children associated with genetic tumor syndromes can facilitate routine tumor screening and early treatment.