High concentration in situ polymer gel electrolyte for high performance lithium metal batteries†

A high concentration gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was prepared by simply using LiFSI–LiNO₃ dissolved in 1,3-dioxolane. The Li‖Li cell achieves stable battery cycling for over 3200 h. Furthermore, the Li‖Cu cell demonstrates a high CE of 99.2%. Even at a high current density of 8 mA cm⁻², a high CE of 98.5% was still achieved. Notably, in a Li‖LiFePO₄ cell, this electrolyte enables high capacity retention of 94.5% and an average CE of 99.8% over 500 cycles, showing promising prospects for high-performance lithium metal batteries.