基于石器性能的人类过去的决策:测试原材料变化和刃角设计对工具功能影响的实验

IF 2.6 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
Lisa Schunk , Ivan Calandra , Anja Cramer , Walter Gneisinger , João Marreiros
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引用次数: 0

摘要

解释考古记录及其在时间和空间上的变异性的主要兴趣之一是过去人类石器技术的生产和使用。工具的设计和功能不可避免地相互交织在一起,并与工具的使用密切相关。对工具设计的了解提供了有关人类早期技术适应性的信息,并从有意识或无意识决策的意义上反映了人类行为。然而,人们对过去人类石器技术发生重大变化(包括新颖、创新和失传)的原因仍然知之甚少。以工具功能(工具是用来做什么的)和使用(工具是用来做什么的)为重点的综合方法有助于克服这一缺陷。工具的功能(包括性能)可以通过实验来研究,而工具的用途则可以通过使用磨损分析来解决。对这些问题进行研究的最佳对象是工具变异性小,但维护和长期使用证据确凿的技术系统,如旧石器时代中期的工业。本文介绍了一项实验的结果,该实验旨在通过测试原材料、刃角和移动作为自变量,研究来自三个考古遗址(即巴尔沃霍勒、布伦上部遗址和拉米乌尔石窟)的 Keilmesser 的工具性能。使用机械装置在硬质接触材料上进行单向切割和雕刻运动,进行了高度受控的连续实验。实验结果表明,在 35° 和 45° 两种刃角下均可完成上述任务,尽管效率不同,但仍能保持功能。这些数据直接影响到对考古组合中石器形态和磨砺等方面的解释。同时,该研究还强调了原材料分析对于了解考古记录中的变化及其对人类过去决策策略的影响的重要性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Past human decision-making based on stone tool performance: Experiments to test the influence of raw material variability and edge angle design on tool function

One of the main interests in the interpretation of the archaeological record and its variability within and through time and space is the production and use of past human stone tool technologies. Tool design and function are inevitably intertwined and strongly related to tool use. Understanding tool design provides information about early human technological adaptations and reflects human behaviour in the sense of conscious or unconscious decision-making. Nevertheless, the reason for major changes (including novelties, innovations, and loss) in past human stone tool technology is still poorly understood. A comprehensive approach focusing on tool function (What was the tool meant for?) and use (What was the tool used for?) can help to overcome this gap. While tool function (including performance) can be investigated experimentally, tool use can be addressed with use-wear analyses. These questions can be best investigated on technological systems showing little tool variability but strong evidence of maintenance and long-term use, such as Middle Palaeolithic industries.

The Late Middle Palaeolithic record of Central and Eastern Europe is marked by the emergence of an asymmetric tool-type called Keilmesser (bifacial backed knives). Due to their sophisticated morphology, Keilmesser as a case study offer the potential to address aspects of raw material selection, tool production, maintenance, and reworking.

This paper presents the results of an experiment designed to study the tool performance of Keilmesser from three archaeological sites, namely Balver Höhle, the Upper site of Buhlen and Grotte de Ramioul by testing raw material, edge angle and movement as independent variables. A highly controlled, sequential experiment was conducted using a mechanical device performing unidirectional cutting and carving movements on hard contact material. Results demonstrate the possibility to perform the mentioned task with 35° and 45° edge angles, maintaining function, albeit at differing levels of efficiency. The data has a direct impact on the interpretation of the archaeological assemblages regarding aspects such as stone tool morphology and resharpening. At the same time, the study highlights the importance of raw material analysis to understand the variability in the archaeological record and the implications on past human decision-making strategies.

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来源期刊
Journal of Archaeological Science
Journal of Archaeological Science 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
7.10%
发文量
112
审稿时长
49 days
期刊介绍: The Journal of Archaeological Science is aimed at archaeologists and scientists with particular interests in advancing the development and application of scientific techniques and methodologies to all areas of archaeology. This established monthly journal publishes focus articles, original research papers and major review articles, of wide archaeological significance. The journal provides an international forum for archaeologists and scientists from widely different scientific backgrounds who share a common interest in developing and applying scientific methods to inform major debates through improving the quality and reliability of scientific information derived from archaeological research.
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