A systems perspective of terrestrial, aquatic, and human health impacts of non-polystyrene-based nanoplastics

Currently, nanoplastic (1–1000 nm) environmental prevalence is poorly understood, and only recently has their potential impact become apparent. Over the last fifteen years, research has identified, quantified, and analyzed the toxicity and interactions of these emerging contaminants, especially for polystyrene. This review focused on non-polystyrene nanoplastics behavior within wastewater plants, interactions within terrestrial and aquatic environments, in vitro and in vivo toxicity, and the future of human exposure. From the literature, polystyrene studies from 2012 to 2020 made up 97% of studies, while only accounting for 6.2% of global plastic production. Significant literature gaps identified included looking at the fate, transport, and effects of non-polystyrene plastics in terrestrial and microbial systems. Within the last five years more studies with relevant and environmentally prominent plastics of concern and their impacts have been conducted; this innovative research was discussed within this review and used to identify significant gaps in the literature.