Advancements in Mutation Breeding in Phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) Crop Improvement: A Comprehensive Review of Radiation and Chemical Induced Mutagenesis Studies

Phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.), a member of the Tiliaceae family, is a remarkable fruit-bearing shrub with significant medicinal and nutritional value. Originating in South Asia, it has gained popularity worldwide, particularly in subtropical and tropical regions. This review comprehensively examines the botanical characteristics, medicinal properties, nutritional composition, cultivation practices, and challenges faced by Phalsa growers, with a focus on its potential for crop improvement through mutagenesis and polyploidization techniques. With around 150 species, Grewia is the sole genus in the Tiliaceae family that produces edible fruit. Phalsa bushes, known for their rapid growth, yield orbicular fruits with moderately acidic yet nutritious pulp. The fruit is esteemed for its medicinal benefits, ranging from anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties to its use in treating various respiratory and cardiovascular ailments. Despite its nutritional and medicinal significance, Phalsa cultivation faces challenges such as poor post-harvest management, limited germplasm diversity, and abiotic stress susceptibility. To address these challenges and enhance Phalsa's agricultural potential, mutagenesis and polyploidization techniques have been explored. Induced mutagenesis offers a promising avenue for creating genetic diversity and improving traits such as stress tolerance and disease resistance. However, culture contamination remains a significant obstacle in achieving optimal shoot initiation and propagation efficiency. Overall, this review underscores the importance of Phalsa as a valuable crop with immense medicinal and nutritional benefits. By leveraging mutagenesis, polyploidization, and tissue culture techniques, Phalsa growers can overcome existing challenges and unlock its full agricultural potential, contributing to food security and public health.