Cellularised Biomaterials Used as Gingival Connective Tissue Substitutes In Vivo: Systematic Review.

Developing an in vitro model of gingival connective tissue, mimicking the original structure and composition of gingiva for clinical grafting is relevant for personalised treatment of missing gingiva. Using tissue engineering techniques allows to bypass limitations encountered with existing solutions to increase oral soft tissue volume. This review aims to systematically analyse the different currently existing cellularised materials and technologies used to engineer gingival substitutes for in vivo applications. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. An electronic search on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify suitable studies. In vivo studies about gingival substitute and graft containing oral cells compared with a control to investigate the graft remodelling were included. Risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) 10-item checklist. Out of 631 screened studies, 19 were included. Animal models were mostly rodents, and the most used implantation was subcutaneous. According to the SYRCLE tool, low-to-unclear risk of bias were prevalent. Studies checked vascularisation and extracellular remodelling up to 60 days after implantation of the cellularized biomaterial. Cells used were mostly fibroblasts and stem cells from oral origin. Grafts presenting vascularisation potential after implantation were produced by tissue engineering technologies including cell seeding or embedding for 14, cell sheets for 2, microsphere for 1 and extrusion 3D bioprinting for 2. Components used to build the scaffold containing the cells are all naturally derived and are mainly fibrin, gelatine, collagen, agarose, alginate, fibroin, guar gum, hyaluronic acid, and decellularised extracellular matrix. The most recurring crosslinking method was using chemicals. All studies except 1 reported vascularisation of the graft after implantation and some detailed extracellular matrix remodelling. Current solutions are not efficient enough. By assessing the relevant studies on the subject, this systematic review showed that a diversity of cellularised biomaterials substituting gingival connective tissue enable vascularisation and extracellular remodelling. Taking results of this review in count could help improving current bio-inks used in 3D bioprinting for in vivo applications compensating for gingival loss.