Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of HPV-associated cervical cancer: mechanisms, challenges and future prospects

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown promise as a modality for the treatment of cervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). This review provides a comprehensive examination of the role of PDT in overcoming the challenges presented by conventional treatments for cervical cancer. Beginning with an overview of the relationship between cervical cancer and HPV infection, the review introduces the principles of PDT, its mechanism of action, and its potential as an innovative treatment strategy. The review highlights preclinical studies in animal models that demonstrate the efficacy of PDT in targeting HPV-infected cervical cells and provide mechanistic insights into its cytotoxic effects. We reviewed clinical studies and case reports highlighting the potential of PDT as an alternative or adjunctive treatment option. Challenges and limitations, including depth of light penetration, photosensitizer specificity, and standardization of protocols, will be discussed in the context of potential side effects and comparison with conventional treatments. Future directions include ongoing research, combination therapies with immunotherapy or targeted agents, advances in photosensitizer development, and personalized approaches. The advancement of PDT promises to change the landscape of HPV-associated cervical cancer treatment by providing a targeted, personalized, and minimally invasive approach.