利用冬季食物组成和饲料植物的可用性来确定驼鹿(Alces alces)在被工业化林业改变的景观中的草食选择和重要性

IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY
Forestry Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI:10.1093/forestry/cpae019
Kai Breithaupt, Roy V Rea, Michael P Gillingham, Daniel A Aitken, Dexter P Hodder
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引用次数: 0

摘要

2000 年至 2015 年间,加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省中北部一些地区的驼鹿(Alces alces L.)数量下降了 70%。驼鹿分布范围内的其他地区也出现了这种下降。不列颠哥伦比亚省母驼鹿和小驼鹿死亡的一个原因是明显的饥饿,这意味着可能与食物供应有关。为了研究驼鹿的减少与工业化林业之间可能存在的联系,我们在不列颠哥伦比亚省中北部的六个生物地理气候生态系统分类子区内考察了驼鹿冬季饮食与草食供应的关系。2017 年春季,我们收集了驼鹿的冬季食团。为了评估驼鹿的饮食,我们使用微观组织学分析了驼鹿的食团,这是一种量化有蹄类动物饮食的常用技术。2018 年夏季,我们使用改良的点拦截法调查了食团收集地点的浏览植物可用性。我们通过各种浏览物对驼鹿的选择指数(相对于可用性对某种饲料物种的使用)和重要性值(某种物种在食物中的比例与其在环境中的出现率的函数),将食物组成与植物可用性联系起来。在我们的草食可用性调查中发现了 28 种潜在的草食植物。其中只有 12 种植物在驼鹿的食团中被发现,四种植物(亚高山冷杉(Abies lasiocarpa Hooker)、柳树(Salix spp. Linnaeus)、纸桦(Betula papyrifera Marshall)和震颤杨(Populus tremuloides Michaux))在驼鹿的食物中占多数(93.3%)。我们使用混合模型分析来研究这四种冬季食物之间在以下方面的差异:(i) 食物组成;(ii) 食物种类;(iii) 食物种类:(i)食物组成;(ii)植物可利用性;(iii)驼鹿的选择;以及(iv)对驼鹿的重要性。在颗粒食物中,亚高山冷杉(平均:45.7%)的比例明显高于杨树(5.7%)和柳树(19.5%),但亚高山冷杉和桦树(22.4%)的比例没有明显差异。桦树和柳树的比例明显高于杨树,但桦树和柳树在颗粒饲料中的比例没有差异。前四种食物的可获得性在物种之间没有明显差异。亚高山冷杉、杨树、桦树和柳树是被选择最多的食物,但它们之间的选择没有显著差异。亚高山冷杉、桦树和柳树的重要度值之间没有明显差异,但三者的重要度值都明显高于杨树。所调查的亚区之间在食物组成、可获得性、选择性和重要性方面没有差异。驼鹿在冬季对亚高山冷杉、桦树、柳树和杨树的高选择性和重要性表明,有必要确保在驼鹿分布区保留这些食草物种,尤其是在驼鹿数量正在下降的地方。在工业化林业对驼鹿冬季食草的丰度和物种组成产生影响的地方,我们鼓励森林规划者和管理者结合驼鹿的饮食习惯检查食草的可用性,以便将对驼鹿重要且被驼鹿选择的食草植物纳入森林管理目标。
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Using winter diet composition and forage plant availability to determine browse selection and importance for moose (Alces alces) in a landscape modified by industrial forestry
Between 2000 and 2015, moose (Alces alces L.) populations within some areas of north-central British Columbia, Canada declined by 70%. Such declines are occurring in other regions within the range of moose. One cause for mortalities of cow and calf moose in British Columbia was apparent starvation, implying a potential connection to food supply. To investigate possible connections between moose declines and industrial forestry, we examined moose winter diets relative to browse availability in six Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification subzones within north-central British Columbia. In the spring of 2017, we collected moose winter pellets. To assess diet, pellets were analyzed using microhistology, a common technique for quantifying the diets of ungulates. In the summer of 2018, we used a modified point-intercept method to survey browse plant availability at pellet collection sites. We related diet composition to plant availability through indices of selection (use of a forage species relative to availability) and values of importance (the proportion of a species in the diet as a function of its occurrence in the environment) of various browse items to moose. Twenty-eight species of potential browse plants were identified in our browse availability surveys. Only 12 of these plants were found in moose pellets, with four plants [subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa Hooker), willow (Salix spp. Linnaeus), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux)] comprising the majority (93.3%) of the diet. We used mixed-model analyses to examine differences between these top four winter diet items, in relation to: (i) diet composition; (ii) plant availability; (iii) selection by moose; and (iv) importance to moose. Subalpine fir (mean: 45.7%) was a significantly larger diet component in pellets than aspen (5.7%) and willow (19.5%), but there was no significant difference in the proportions of subalpine fir and birch (22.4%). Birch and willow were found in significantly higher proportions than aspen, but proportions of birch and willow in pellets did not differ. The availability of the top four diet items was not significantly different between species. Subalpine fir, aspen, birch, and willow were the most selected diet items, but selection was not significantly different between them. The importance values of subalpine fir, birch, and willow were not significantly different from one another, but all three were significantly greater than the importance value for aspen. Diet composition, availability, selection, and importance did not vary between subzones surveyed. The high selection for and importance of subalpine fir, birch, willow, and aspen by moose in winter demonstrate the need to ensure these browse species are maintained on moose ranges, especially where moose populations are declining. Where industrial forestry impacts the abundance and species composition of winter browses for moose, we encourage forest planners and managers to examine browse availability in relation to moose diet, so that the browse plants important to and selected for by moose can be integrated into forest management objectives.
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来源期刊
Forestry
Forestry 农林科学-林学
CiteScore
6.70
自引率
7.10%
发文量
47
审稿时长
12-24 weeks
期刊介绍: The journal is inclusive of all subjects, geographical zones and study locations, including trees in urban environments, plantations and natural forests. We welcome papers that consider economic, environmental and social factors and, in particular, studies that take an integrated approach to sustainable management. In considering suitability for publication, attention is given to the originality of contributions and their likely impact on policy and practice, as well as their contribution to the development of knowledge. Special Issues - each year one edition of Forestry will be a Special Issue and will focus on one subject in detail; this will usually be by publication of the proceedings of an international meeting.
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