中国长江三角洲地区新石器时代晚期良渚城市的建筑技术与劳动组织

IF 2.6 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
Yijie Zhuang , Junping Yuan , Shuaiwei Liang , Minghui Chen , Ningyuan Wang
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引用次数: 0

摘要

建造联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产良渚古城及其腹地是一项艰巨的工程,需要前所未有的建筑创新、巧妙的物流规划和复杂的劳动组织。我们利用良渚古城草包泥块的准备和建造过程中的环境、考古和实验数据,研究技术创新的重要性,以了解良渚古城及史前长江三角洲地区前所未有的城市化进程背后的建筑能量和劳动组织。我们估计,每块陶土由 2-4 名工人制作仅需约 5 分钟。考虑到挖掘和其他工作,3-4 人的小组应该是制作草包泥块最有效的安排。我们复制了不同类型的粘土砖,对它们的尺寸进行了分类,并确定了与考古发现相匹配的标准尺寸(45x15 × 15 厘米)粘土砖。我们的研究结果还表明,标准尺寸的粘土砖具有更理想的草土比,从而提高了粘土砖建筑的排水效率和在潮湿条件下的抗风化能力。良渚建筑工匠采用的不同建筑技术构成了良渚建筑工匠的土建工具包。为了最大限度地提高效率,他们根据不同的建筑任务对劳动力进行分工和组织。粘土砖结构和石垫层大多由较小的群体建造,他们负责准备、运输和建造任务。在这些建筑活动中,劳动力的动员和分工可能并不遵循传统的自上而下的流程。相反,由于需要在以水生环境为主的建筑工地上应用不同的建筑技术,而每种技术都受到资源可用性、运输便利性和/或内在工程特性的限制,这就促使了一种创造性的劳动组织形式。因此,我们的研究为了解良渚文明的劳动组织、社会结构和权力关系提供了新的视角。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Architectural technology and labour organisation at the late Neolithic Liangzhu City, Yangtze Delta region, China

Building the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site of Liangzhu City and its hinterlands was an enormous undertaking that required an unprecedented level of architectural innovations, clever logistic planning, and sophisticated labour organisation. We draw on environmental, archaeological and experimental data on the preparation and construction of grass-wrapped clay blocks at the Liangzhu City and investigate the importance of technological innovations to understand architectural energetics and labour organisation behind the unprecedented urbanisation at Liangzhu and beyond in prehistoric Yangtze Delta region. We estimate that each clay block took only around 5 min to prepare by 2–4 workers. Considering digging and other tasks, a small group of 3–4 workers would have been the most efficient arrangement in the preparation of grass-wrapped clay blocks. We reproduced different types of clay blocks, classified their sizes, and identified the standard sized (45x15 × 15cm) clay blocks that match with archaeological finds. Our results also show that standard-sized clay blocks had a more optimal grass-earth ratio which increased the drainage efficiency of the built clay-blocked structures and their resistance to weathering in wet conditions. The different architectural technologies applied by the Liangzhu builders constituted the Liangzhu builders’ earth-building toolkit. To maximize the efficiency, labour was divided and organised according to different construction tasks. The clay-blocked structures and stone beddings were mostly built by smaller groups, who were responsible for the preparation, transportation and construction tasks. Mobilization and division of labour during these construction activities might not follow the classical top-down process. Instead, the need to apply different architectural technologies, each restrained by availability of resources, convenience of transportation, and/or intrinsic engineering properties, at construction sites in a predominantly aquatic environment, prompted a creative form of labour organisation. Our study therefore provides fresh insights into understanding labour organisation, social structure and power relations at the Liangzhu Civilisation.

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来源期刊
Journal of Archaeological Science
Journal of Archaeological Science 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
7.10%
发文量
112
审稿时长
49 days
期刊介绍: The Journal of Archaeological Science is aimed at archaeologists and scientists with particular interests in advancing the development and application of scientific techniques and methodologies to all areas of archaeology. This established monthly journal publishes focus articles, original research papers and major review articles, of wide archaeological significance. The journal provides an international forum for archaeologists and scientists from widely different scientific backgrounds who share a common interest in developing and applying scientific methods to inform major debates through improving the quality and reliability of scientific information derived from archaeological research.
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