Alec S. Baird, Camila D. Medeiros, Marissa A. Caringella, Julia Bowers, Michelle Hii, John Liang, Joshua Matsuda, Kirthana Pisipati, Caroline Pohl, Benjamin Simon, Silvard Tagaryan, Thomas N. Buckley, Lawren Sack
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We clarified how, when, and why this developmental trade-off may be overcome across species.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Methods</h3>\n \n <p>We derived equations to determine the developmental basis for <i>D</i><sub>t</sub> and <i>D</i><sub>s</sub> in trichome and stomatal indices (<i>i</i><sub>t</sub> and <i>i</i><sub>s</sub>) and the sizes of epidermal pavement cells (<i>e</i>), trichome bases (<i>t</i>), and stomata (<i>s</i>) and quantified the importance of these determinants of <i>D</i><sub>t</sub> and <i>D</i><sub>s</sub> for 78 California species. We compiled 17 previous studies of <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> relationships to determine the commonness of <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> associations. We modeled the consequences of different <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> associations for plant carbon balance.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>Our analyses showed that higher <i>D</i><sub>t</sub> was determined by higher <i>i</i><sub>t</sub> and lower <i>e</i>, and higher <i>D</i><sub>s</sub> by higher <i>i</i><sub>s</sub> and lower <i>e</i>. Across California species, positive <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> coordination arose due to <i>i</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>i</i><sub>s</sub> coordination and impacts of the variation in <i>e</i>. A <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> trade-off was found in only 30% of studies. Heuristic modeling showed that species sets would have the highest carbon balance with a positive or negative relationship or decoupling of <i>D</i><sub>t</sub> and <i>D</i><sub>s</sub>, depending on environmental conditions.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\n \n <p>Shared precursor cells of trichomes and stomata do not limit higher numbers of both cell types or drive a general <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> trade-off across species. This developmental flexibility across diverse species enables different <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> associations according to environmental pressures. Developmental trait analysis can clarify how contrasting trait associations would arise within and across species.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":7691,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajb2.16328","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"How and why do species break a developmental trade-off? Elucidating the association of trichomes and stomata across species\",\"authors\":\"Alec S. Baird, Camila D. Medeiros, Marissa A. Caringella, Julia Bowers, Michelle Hii, John Liang, Joshua Matsuda, Kirthana Pisipati, Caroline Pohl, Benjamin Simon, Silvard Tagaryan, Thomas N. 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We compiled 17 previous studies of <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> relationships to determine the commonness of <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> associations. We modeled the consequences of different <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> associations for plant carbon balance.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Results</h3>\\n \\n <p>Our analyses showed that higher <i>D</i><sub>t</sub> was determined by higher <i>i</i><sub>t</sub> and lower <i>e</i>, and higher <i>D</i><sub>s</sub> by higher <i>i</i><sub>s</sub> and lower <i>e</i>. Across California species, positive <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> coordination arose due to <i>i</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>i</i><sub>s</sub> coordination and impacts of the variation in <i>e</i>. A <i>D</i><sub>t</sub>–<i>D</i><sub>s</sub> trade-off was found in only 30% of studies. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
前提：以前的研究表明，由于共享细胞前体，毛状体密度（Dt）和气孔密度（Ds）之间存在权衡。我们阐明了这一发育权衡在不同物种间如何、何时以及为何会被克服：方法：我们推导了一些方程，以确定毛状体和气孔指数（it 和 is）中 Dt 和 Ds 的发育基础，以及表皮铺层细胞（e）、毛状体基部（t）和气孔（s）的大小，并量化了这些决定因素对 78 个加利福尼亚物种的 Dt 和 Ds 的重要性。我们汇编了之前关于 Dt-Ds 关系的 17 项研究，以确定 Dt-Ds 关联的普遍性。我们模拟了不同的 Dt-Ds 关联对植物碳平衡的影响：我们的分析表明，较高的 Dt 是由较高的 it 和较低的 e 决定的，而较高的 Ds 则是由较高的 is 和较低的 e 决定的。在加州的所有物种中，正的 Dt-Ds 协调是由于 it-is 协调和 e 变化的影响而产生的。启发式建模显示，根据环境条件的不同，Dt 和 Ds 的正负关系或脱钩的物种集的碳平衡度最高：结论：毛状体和气孔的共用前体细胞并不会限制两种细胞类型的较高数量，也不会导致物种间普遍的 Dt-Ds 权衡。不同物种之间的这种发育灵活性使得Dt-Ds可以根据环境压力进行不同的组合。发育性状分析可以阐明物种内和物种间如何产生截然不同的性状关联。
How and why do species break a developmental trade-off? Elucidating the association of trichomes and stomata across species
Premise
Previous studies have suggested a trade-off between trichome density (Dt) and stomatal density (Ds) due to shared cell precursors. We clarified how, when, and why this developmental trade-off may be overcome across species.
Methods
We derived equations to determine the developmental basis for Dt and Ds in trichome and stomatal indices (it and is) and the sizes of epidermal pavement cells (e), trichome bases (t), and stomata (s) and quantified the importance of these determinants of Dt and Ds for 78 California species. We compiled 17 previous studies of Dt–Ds relationships to determine the commonness of Dt–Ds associations. We modeled the consequences of different Dt–Ds associations for plant carbon balance.
Results
Our analyses showed that higher Dt was determined by higher it and lower e, and higher Ds by higher is and lower e. Across California species, positive Dt–Ds coordination arose due to it–is coordination and impacts of the variation in e. A Dt–Ds trade-off was found in only 30% of studies. Heuristic modeling showed that species sets would have the highest carbon balance with a positive or negative relationship or decoupling of Dt and Ds, depending on environmental conditions.
Conclusions
Shared precursor cells of trichomes and stomata do not limit higher numbers of both cell types or drive a general Dt–Ds trade-off across species. This developmental flexibility across diverse species enables different Dt–Ds associations according to environmental pressures. Developmental trait analysis can clarify how contrasting trait associations would arise within and across species.
期刊介绍：
The American Journal of Botany (AJB), the flagship journal of the Botanical Society of America (BSA), publishes peer-reviewed, innovative, significant research of interest to a wide audience of plant scientists in all areas of plant biology (structure, function, development, diversity, genetics, evolution, systematics), all levels of organization (molecular to ecosystem), and all plant groups and allied organisms (cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, and lichens). AJB requires authors to frame their research questions and discuss their results in terms of major questions of plant biology. In general, papers that are too narrowly focused, purely descriptive, natural history, broad surveys, or that contain only preliminary data will not be considered.
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