Altered spinels act as a mirror of multi-episodic fluid metasomatism in the forearc mantle: An example from the Minhe ophiolite in Qilian Orogen, NW China

Forearc mantle peridotites commonly undergo complex melt/fluid metasomatism, which inevitably has a considerable influence on their geochemical compositions at the whole-rock scale. Serpentinites predominantly comprise the Minhe ophiolite, which is a fragment of the Proto-Tethys Ocean that outcrops in the Qilian Orogen in NW China. These serpentinites contain zoned spinels that vary compositionally from the centers to the margins, with a spinel core overgrown by ferritchromite layer and magnetite at the outermost rim. The mineral chemistry of the spinel cores (i.e., Cr^#, Mg^#, Cr₂O₃, and Al₂O₃) suggests that the protolith of the serpentinites was an oceanic mantle remnant in a forearc setting. Moreover, the ferritchromite exhibited increases in Fe, Mn, Sc, and Ni contents and decreases in Mg, Cr, Al, V, Zn, and Ga contents. Considering the linear correlation among elements (e.g., Co, Ni, and Zn) and the absence of mineral inclusions, the ferritchromite likely formed through ionic substitutions induced by slab fluids. The magnetite was enriched in Cr, Ni, V, Zn, Co, and Cu, but did not have a magmatic origin owing to low V concentrations. All evidence indicates that the peridotites underwent at least two episodes of fluidic metasomatism in the subduction zone. During early slab subduction, aqueous fluids released from the dehydration of the subducted slab directly serpentinized the forearc mantle peridotites, thereby altering the olivine and orthopyroxene to lizardite/chrysotile. During this process, certain mobile elements (e.g., Fe, Ni, and Mn) in the fluids and/or olivine serpentinization were incorporated into existing spinels, favoring ferritchromite growth. The second fluidic episode was dependent on prograde metamorphism at greater depths in the subduction channel, which not only produced antigorite via the recrystallization of lizardite and chrysotile, but also drove the fluids towards a more oxidizing state, thereby facilitating the growth of Cr-magnetites. Subsolidus re-equilibration controlled by fluid infiltration further promoted the inter-diffusion of elements (e.g., Cr, V, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in the zoned spinels.