Prevalence and incidence rates of tuberculosis in people with HIV during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic: a single center retrospective analysis.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) poses a significant risk to people with HIV (PWH), with heightened incidence and prevalence rates, especially in countries with a high TB burden. This study assesses the prevalence and incidence rates of TB among PWH during the COVID-19 pandemic, and on treatment outcomes in TB-HIV co-infections.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Suddhavej Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand, from January 2020 to September 2023, involving newly diagnosed adult PWH. Data were collected on TB prevalence and incidence rates, with TB cases categorized as definite or possible. The primary outcomes were TB prevalence and incidence rates per 100,000 person-years of follow-up.

Results: Among 171 newly diagnosed PWH, the prevalence of TB was 5.85%, with an incidence rate of 4,568.71 per 100,000 person-years. All but one TB cases were diagnosed before antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. There was no incident TB during the follow-up period during ART. Nearly half of the TB cases required therapeutic trials without microbiological confirmation.

Conclusions: The study revealed a high prevalence and incidence rate of TB among PWH during the COVID-19 pandemic, comparable to pre-pandemic rates in Thailand. The findings highlight the necessity of comprehensive TB screening prior to ART initiation and the cautious implementation of universal TB preventive therapy. The use of molecular diagnostics, in addition to symptom screening, can enhance TB diagnosis among PWH, though accessibility remains an issue in many regions.