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{"title":"加纳北部妊娠体重增加与孕产妇和出生结果之间的关系","authors":"John Lapah Niyi, Zhihui Li, Fidelis Zumah","doi":"10.1155/2024/5526942","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<i>Background</i>. Although inappropriate gestational weight gain is considered closely related to adverse maternal and birth outcomes globally, little evidence was found in low- and middle-income countries. <i>Study Objectives</i>. This study is aimed at identifying the determinants of gestational weight gain and examine the association between gestational weight gain and maternal and birth outcomes in the Northern Region of Ghana. <i>Study Methods</i>. The study used a facility-based cross-sectional study design involving 611 antenatal and delivery records in Tatale district, Tamale west, and Gushegu municipal hospitals. A two-stage sampling method involving cluster and simple random sampling was employed. Descriptive statistical analysis and measures of central tendency were used to describe the sample. The multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine the determinants of gestational weight gain and its association with maternal and birth outcomes. <i>Results</i>. Among the 611 women included in the study, 516 (84.45%) had inadequate gestational weight gain, and 19 (3.11%) had excessive gestational weight gain. The gestational weight gain ranged from 2 kg to 25 kg with a mean of <span><svg height=\"8.69875pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 32.223 8.69875\" width=\"32.223pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.242,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.206,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.446,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.592,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\"8.69875pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"35.0781838 -8.34882 21.973 8.69875\" width=\"21.973pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.128,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.369,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.333,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-56\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.575,0)\"></path></g></svg></span> kg. The risk factor for inadequate gestational weight gain was low prepregnancy BMI (adjusted odds ratio <span><svg height=\"11.5564pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-2.26807pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -9.28833 46.643 11.5564\" width=\"46.643pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.116,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.709,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.883,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.012,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"11.5564pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-2.26807pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"50.225183799999996 -9.28833 21.928 11.5564\" width=\"21.928pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.275,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.515,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.479,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-52\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.72,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-52\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% <span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\" width=\"24.39pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"27.9721838 -8.75334 57.129 9.10327\" width=\"57.129pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.262,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.226,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.466,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.611,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.148,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-51\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.388,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.352,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.592,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-56\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\"8.8423pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.289 8.8423\" width=\"19.289pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"8.8423pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.8711838 -8.6359 28.182 8.8423\" width=\"28.182pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.605,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-51\"></use></g></svg>).</span></span> Pregnant women who had inadequate gestational weight gain were significantly less likely to deliver through caesarean section (<span><svg height=\"8.98583pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2324905pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583\" width=\"37.647pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-66\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-80\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-83\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"8.98583pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2324905pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"41.2291838 -8.75334 21.894 8.98583\" width=\"21.894pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-51\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.723,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-56\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% <span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\" width=\"24.39pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-68\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-74\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"27.9721838 -8.75334 57.129 9.10327\" width=\"57.129pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.262,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.226,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.466,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-51\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.611,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-33\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.148,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.388,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.352,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-55\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.592,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\"8.8423pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.289 8.8423\" width=\"19.289pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-81\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"8.8423pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.8711838 -8.6359 28.182 8.8423\" width=\"28.182pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.605,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-51\"></use></g></svg>),</span></span> and those who had excessive weight gain were more likely to undergo caesarean section (<span><svg height=\"8.98583pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2324905pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583\" width=\"37.647pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-66\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-80\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-83\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"8.98583pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2324905pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"41.2291838 -8.75334 28.157 8.98583\" width=\"28.157pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.76,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.724,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-57\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.964,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% <span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\" width=\"24.39pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-68\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-74\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"27.9721838 -8.75334 63.393 9.10327\" width=\"63.393pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-54\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.262,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.226,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-52\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.466,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-57\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.612,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-33\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.148,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-56\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.39,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-51\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.63,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.594,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-58\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.836,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\"8.8423pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.289 8.8423\" width=\"19.289pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-81\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"8.8423pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.8711838 -8.6359 28.182 8.8423\" width=\"28.182pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.605,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g></svg>).</span></span> The odds of premature delivery (<span><svg height=\"9.9449pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.6369991pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -9.3079 37.23 9.9449\" width=\"37.23pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.447,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.931,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.885,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.928,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.599,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\"9.9449pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.6369991pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"40.8121838 -9.3079 12.655 9.9449\" width=\"12.655pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.862,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-52\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.102,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-56\"></use></g></svg></span> weeks) among pregnant women with inadequate weight gain were 2.88 (95% <span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\" width=\"24.39pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-68\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-74\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"27.9721838 -8.75334 57.129 9.10327\" width=\"57.129pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.262,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.226,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-51\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.466,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-56\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.614,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-33\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.15,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-55\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.39,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.354,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-54\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.594,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\"8.73137pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2063904pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.52498 18.609 8.73137\" width=\"18.609pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.978,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"8.73137pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2063904pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.1911838 -8.52498 28.157 8.73137\" width=\"28.157pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.241,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.481,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.445,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.685,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.925,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g></svg>).</span></span> Furthermore, subjects who had excessive weight gain were 43.80 times more likely to give birth to babies with macrosomia (95% <span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\" width=\"24.39pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-68\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g190-74\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"9.10327pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"27.9721838 -8.75334 69.656 9.10327\" width=\"69.656pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-56\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.264,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.228,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.468,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-56\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.616,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-33\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.152,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-51\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.392,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-56\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.634,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.874,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.838,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-51\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.078,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-52\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\"8.8423pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.289 8.8423\" width=\"19.289pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-81\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"8.8423pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.8711838 -8.6359 28.182 8.8423\" width=\"28.182pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.605,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-50\"></use></g></svg>).</span></span> <i>Conclusion</i>. Inappropriate gestational weight gain is prevalent in Ghana, which is associated with caesarean section, preterm delivery, delivery complications, and macrosomia. Urgent policy interventions are needed to improve on the frequent monitoring and management of gestational weight gain of pregnant women till term.","PeriodicalId":9007,"journal":{"name":"BioMed Research International","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Association between Gestational Weight Gain and Maternal and Birth Outcomes in Northern Ghana\",\"authors\":\"John Lapah Niyi, Zhihui Li, Fidelis Zumah\",\"doi\":\"10.1155/2024/5526942\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<i>Background</i>. Although inappropriate gestational weight gain is considered closely related to adverse maternal and birth outcomes globally, little evidence was found in low- and middle-income countries. <i>Study Objectives</i>. This study is aimed at identifying the determinants of gestational weight gain and examine the association between gestational weight gain and maternal and birth outcomes in the Northern Region of Ghana. <i>Study Methods</i>. The study used a facility-based cross-sectional study design involving 611 antenatal and delivery records in Tatale district, Tamale west, and Gushegu municipal hospitals. A two-stage sampling method involving cluster and simple random sampling was employed. Descriptive statistical analysis and measures of central tendency were used to describe the sample. The multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine the determinants of gestational weight gain and its association with maternal and birth outcomes. <i>Results</i>. Among the 611 women included in the study, 516 (84.45%) had inadequate gestational weight gain, and 19 (3.11%) had excessive gestational weight gain. The gestational weight gain ranged from 2 kg to 25 kg with a mean of <span><svg height=\\\"8.69875pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 32.223 8.69875\\\" width=\\\"32.223pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.242,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.206,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.446,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.592,0)\\\"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\\\"8.69875pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"35.0781838 -8.34882 21.973 8.69875\\\" width=\\\"21.973pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.128,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.369,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.333,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-56\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.575,0)\\\"></path></g></svg></span> kg. The risk factor for inadequate gestational weight gain was low prepregnancy BMI (adjusted odds ratio <span><svg height=\\\"11.5564pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-2.26807pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -9.28833 46.643 11.5564\\\" width=\\\"46.643pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.116,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.709,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.883,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.012,0)\\\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"11.5564pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-2.26807pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"50.225183799999996 -9.28833 21.928 11.5564\\\" width=\\\"21.928pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.275,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.515,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,59.479,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-52\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,65.72,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-52\\\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% <span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"24.39pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"27.9721838 -8.75334 57.129 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"57.129pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.262,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.226,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.466,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.611,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.148,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-51\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.388,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.352,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.592,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-56\\\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\\\"8.8423pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.289 8.8423\\\" width=\\\"19.289pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"8.8423pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"22.8711838 -8.6359 28.182 8.8423\\\" width=\\\"28.182pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.605,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-51\\\"></use></g></svg>).</span></span> Pregnant women who had inadequate gestational weight gain were significantly less likely to deliver through caesarean section (<span><svg height=\\\"8.98583pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2324905pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583\\\" width=\\\"37.647pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-66\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-80\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-83\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"8.98583pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2324905pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"41.2291838 -8.75334 21.894 8.98583\\\" width=\\\"21.894pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-51\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.723,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-56\\\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% <span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"24.39pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-68\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-74\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"27.9721838 -8.75334 57.129 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"57.129pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.262,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.226,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.466,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-51\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.611,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-33\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.148,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.388,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.352,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-55\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.592,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\\\"8.8423pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.289 8.8423\\\" width=\\\"19.289pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-81\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"8.8423pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"22.8711838 -8.6359 28.182 8.8423\\\" width=\\\"28.182pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.605,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-51\\\"></use></g></svg>),</span></span> and those who had excessive weight gain were more likely to undergo caesarean section (<span><svg height=\\\"8.98583pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2324905pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583\\\" width=\\\"37.647pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-66\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-80\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-83\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"8.98583pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2324905pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"41.2291838 -8.75334 28.157 8.98583\\\" width=\\\"28.157pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.76,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,56.724,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-57\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,62.964,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% <span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"24.39pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-68\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-74\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"27.9721838 -8.75334 63.393 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"63.393pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-54\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.262,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.226,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-52\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.466,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-57\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.612,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-33\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.148,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-56\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.39,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-51\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.63,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.594,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-58\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.836,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\\\"8.8423pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.289 8.8423\\\" width=\\\"19.289pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-81\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"8.8423pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"22.8711838 -8.6359 28.182 8.8423\\\" width=\\\"28.182pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.605,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g></svg>).</span></span> The odds of premature delivery (<span><svg height=\\\"9.9449pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.6369991pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -9.3079 37.23 9.9449\\\" width=\\\"37.23pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.447,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.931,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.885,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.928,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.599,0)\\\"></path></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\\\"9.9449pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.6369991pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"40.8121838 -9.3079 12.655 9.9449\\\" width=\\\"12.655pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.862,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-52\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.102,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-56\\\"></use></g></svg></span> weeks) among pregnant women with inadequate weight gain were 2.88 (95% <span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"24.39pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-68\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-74\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"27.9721838 -8.75334 57.129 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"57.129pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.262,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.226,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-51\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.466,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-56\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.614,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-33\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.15,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-55\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.39,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,72.354,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-54\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,78.594,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\\\"8.73137pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2063904pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.52498 18.609 8.73137\\\" width=\\\"18.609pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.978,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"8.73137pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2063904pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"22.1911838 -8.52498 28.157 8.73137\\\" width=\\\"28.157pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.241,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.481,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.445,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.685,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.925,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g></svg>).</span></span> Furthermore, subjects who had excessive weight gain were 43.80 times more likely to give birth to babies with macrosomia (95% <span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.75334 24.39 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"24.39pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-68\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.645,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g190-74\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.759,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"9.10327pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.3499298pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"27.9721838 -8.75334 69.656 9.10327\\\" width=\\\"69.656pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.022,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-56\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.264,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.228,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.468,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-56\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.616,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-33\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.152,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-51\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.392,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-56\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.634,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,81.874,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.838,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-51\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.078,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-52\\\"></use></g></svg>,</span></span> <span><svg height=\\\"8.8423pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.6359 19.289 8.8423\\\" width=\\\"19.289pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-81\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.658,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-34\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"8.8423pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-0.2064009pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"22.8711838 -8.6359 28.182 8.8423\\\" width=\\\"28.182pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.921,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.161,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.125,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.365,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.605,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-50\\\"></use></g></svg>).</span></span> <i>Conclusion</i>. Inappropriate gestational weight gain is prevalent in Ghana, which is associated with caesarean section, preterm delivery, delivery complications, and macrosomia. Urgent policy interventions are needed to improve on the frequent monitoring and management of gestational weight gain of pregnant women till term.\",\"PeriodicalId\":9007,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"BioMed Research International\",\"volume\":\"37 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-05-02\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"BioMed Research International\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5526942\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"BioMed Research International","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5526942","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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