棒球上弦和拉伸投球生物力学比较及其对安全和表现的影响

Glenn S. Fleisig, Jonathan S. Slowik, Charles B. Kutz, Rafael F. Escamilla
{"title":"棒球上弦和拉伸投球生物力学比较及其对安全和表现的影响","authors":"Glenn S. Fleisig, Jonathan S. Slowik, Charles B. Kutz, Rafael F. Escamilla","doi":"10.1177/03635465241247543","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Background:Historically, it was assumed by some that high leg lift with windup pitching generated more ball velocity whereas pitching from the stretch was quicker to reduce the risk of base stealing but also more stressful on the arm. However, many now believe that velocity and stress do not differ between windup and stretch and always pitching from the stretch is simpler than mastering 2 techniques.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to compare windup and stretch fastball pitching biomechanics. It was hypothesized that there would be statistically significant and clinically important differences in ball velocity, timing of angular velocities, joint kinetics, and pitching kinematics.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Fastball pitching biomechanics previously captured for 221 healthy baseball pitchers (105 professional, 52 collegiate, and 64 high school level) were analyzed. For each pitcher, data for 3 to 10 windup trials and 3 to 10 stretch trials were available. Ball velocity was recorded using a radar gun. A 12-camera, 240-Hz automated motion capture system was used to track 39 reflective markers attached to the pitcher. A total of 24 kinematic parameters, 4 temporal parameters, and 5 kinetic parameters were calculated. Data for each parameter were compared across the 2 techniques and 3 competition levels using 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance ( P < .01). Based on previous studies and the expertise of the investigators, the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was set as 2° for angle measurements, 20 deg/s for angular velocities, 0.5 m/s for fastball velocity, and 0.3% body height × weight for normalized joint torque.Results:Fastball velocity was statistically greater from the windup than stretch for the collegiate subgroup but not for the other 2 levels. The collegiate level difference was below the MCID. Pitching from the windup generated greater front knee height and required more time from initiation of leg lift to front foot contact. From foot contact to ball release, there were 11 additional small, statistically significant differences between windup and stretch; however, each of these was well below the MCID.Conclusion:Pitching from the stretch was quicker and should be used with runners on base to prevent stealing. Pitching from the windup and stretch produced similar ball velocity, joint kinetics, and kinematics. Thus, pitchers may choose to use both techniques or stretch only based on comfort and personal preference.Clinical Relevance:The decision to pitch from both the windup and stretch or only from the stretch should not affect a pitcher's performance or joint stress (and injury risk).","PeriodicalId":517411,"journal":{"name":"The American Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Comparison of Windup and Stretch Pitching Biomechanics in Baseball With Implications for Safety and Performance\",\"authors\":\"Glenn S. Fleisig, Jonathan S. Slowik, Charles B. Kutz, Rafael F. Escamilla\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/03635465241247543\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Background:Historically, it was assumed by some that high leg lift with windup pitching generated more ball velocity whereas pitching from the stretch was quicker to reduce the risk of base stealing but also more stressful on the arm. However, many now believe that velocity and stress do not differ between windup and stretch and always pitching from the stretch is simpler than mastering 2 techniques.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to compare windup and stretch fastball pitching biomechanics. It was hypothesized that there would be statistically significant and clinically important differences in ball velocity, timing of angular velocities, joint kinetics, and pitching kinematics.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Fastball pitching biomechanics previously captured for 221 healthy baseball pitchers (105 professional, 52 collegiate, and 64 high school level) were analyzed. For each pitcher, data for 3 to 10 windup trials and 3 to 10 stretch trials were available. Ball velocity was recorded using a radar gun. A 12-camera, 240-Hz automated motion capture system was used to track 39 reflective markers attached to the pitcher. A total of 24 kinematic parameters, 4 temporal parameters, and 5 kinetic parameters were calculated. Data for each parameter were compared across the 2 techniques and 3 competition levels using 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance ( P < .01). Based on previous studies and the expertise of the investigators, the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was set as 2° for angle measurements, 20 deg/s for angular velocities, 0.5 m/s for fastball velocity, and 0.3% body height × weight for normalized joint torque.Results:Fastball velocity was statistically greater from the windup than stretch for the collegiate subgroup but not for the other 2 levels. The collegiate level difference was below the MCID. Pitching from the windup generated greater front knee height and required more time from initiation of leg lift to front foot contact. From foot contact to ball release, there were 11 additional small, statistically significant differences between windup and stretch; however, each of these was well below the MCID.Conclusion:Pitching from the stretch was quicker and should be used with runners on base to prevent stealing. Pitching from the windup and stretch produced similar ball velocity, joint kinetics, and kinematics. Thus, pitchers may choose to use both techniques or stretch only based on comfort and personal preference.Clinical Relevance:The decision to pitch from both the windup and stretch or only from the stretch should not affect a pitcher's performance or joint stress (and injury risk).\",\"PeriodicalId\":517411,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"The American Journal of Sports Medicine\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-04-30\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"The American Journal of Sports Medicine\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465241247543\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"The American Journal of Sports Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465241247543","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

摘要

背景:从历史上看,一些人认为上弦投球时抬高腿部能产生更高的球速,而伸展投球能更快地降低盗垒风险,但对手臂的压力也更大。目的/假设:本研究的目的是比较上弦投球和拉伸快球投球的生物力学。研究设计:受控实验室研究。方法:对之前采集的 221 名健康棒球投手(105 名职业投手、52 名大学投手和 64 名高中投手)的快速球投球生物力学进行分析。每个投手都有 3 到 10 次上弦试验和 3 到 10 次拉伸试验的数据。使用雷达枪记录球速。使用 12 个摄像头、240 赫兹的自动运动捕捉系统跟踪投手身上的 39 个反射标记。总共计算了 24 个运动学参数、4 个时间参数和 5 个动力学参数。通过双向重复测量方差分析(P <.01)比较了 2 种技术和 3 个比赛级别中每个参数的数据。根据以往的研究和研究人员的专业知识,将角度测量的最小临床重要性差异(MCID)设定为 2°,角速度设定为 20 度/秒,快球速度设定为 0.5 米/秒,归一化关节扭矩设定为 0.3% 体高 × 体重。大学水平的差异低于 MCID。上臂投球会产生更大的前膝高度,从开始抬腿到前脚接触需要更多时间。从脚部接触到球释放,上弦投球和伸展投球之间还有 11 个微小的统计学显著差异;但是,每个差异都远低于 MCID。上弦投球和伸展投球产生的球速、关节运动学和运动学相似。因此,投手可以根据舒适度和个人偏好选择同时使用两种技术或仅使用拉伸技术。临床意义:同时使用上弦和拉伸投球或仅使用拉伸投球的决定不应影响投手的表现或关节压力(以及受伤风险)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Comparison of Windup and Stretch Pitching Biomechanics in Baseball With Implications for Safety and Performance
Background:Historically, it was assumed by some that high leg lift with windup pitching generated more ball velocity whereas pitching from the stretch was quicker to reduce the risk of base stealing but also more stressful on the arm. However, many now believe that velocity and stress do not differ between windup and stretch and always pitching from the stretch is simpler than mastering 2 techniques.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to compare windup and stretch fastball pitching biomechanics. It was hypothesized that there would be statistically significant and clinically important differences in ball velocity, timing of angular velocities, joint kinetics, and pitching kinematics.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Fastball pitching biomechanics previously captured for 221 healthy baseball pitchers (105 professional, 52 collegiate, and 64 high school level) were analyzed. For each pitcher, data for 3 to 10 windup trials and 3 to 10 stretch trials were available. Ball velocity was recorded using a radar gun. A 12-camera, 240-Hz automated motion capture system was used to track 39 reflective markers attached to the pitcher. A total of 24 kinematic parameters, 4 temporal parameters, and 5 kinetic parameters were calculated. Data for each parameter were compared across the 2 techniques and 3 competition levels using 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance ( P < .01). Based on previous studies and the expertise of the investigators, the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was set as 2° for angle measurements, 20 deg/s for angular velocities, 0.5 m/s for fastball velocity, and 0.3% body height × weight for normalized joint torque.Results:Fastball velocity was statistically greater from the windup than stretch for the collegiate subgroup but not for the other 2 levels. The collegiate level difference was below the MCID. Pitching from the windup generated greater front knee height and required more time from initiation of leg lift to front foot contact. From foot contact to ball release, there were 11 additional small, statistically significant differences between windup and stretch; however, each of these was well below the MCID.Conclusion:Pitching from the stretch was quicker and should be used with runners on base to prevent stealing. Pitching from the windup and stretch produced similar ball velocity, joint kinetics, and kinematics. Thus, pitchers may choose to use both techniques or stretch only based on comfort and personal preference.Clinical Relevance:The decision to pitch from both the windup and stretch or only from the stretch should not affect a pitcher's performance or joint stress (and injury risk).
求助全文
通过发布文献求助,成功后即可免费获取论文全文。 去求助
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信