A rare case of neuroendocrine cell tumor mixed with a mucinous component in the ampulla of Vater

A rare case of neuroendocrine cell tumor (NET) having both conventional and mucinous components was reported. Mucinous NET is rarely encountered in the pathological diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. Here we examined the mechanism for transformation of conventional NETs into mucinous NETs. Case presentation: Macroscopic examination revealed a tumor with ulceration in the ampulla of Vater that measured 1.7 cm in its largest diameter. Histologically, the tumor comprised two components: a tubular/ribbon-like feature and small nests floating in a mucinous lake. The tumor nests showed sheet, nest and ribbon-like structures of small cells having eosinophilic cytoplasm as well as small-sized nuclei with dense hyperchromatin. Immunohistochemical analysis showed tumor cells positive for pan-endocrine markers (synaptophysin, CD56, INSM1 and chromogranin). Based on the histological findings, the solid and mucinous components were diagnosed as conventional and mucinous NETs, respectively. Grading was NET G2 based on 12.8% and 13.2% Ki-67-positive cells in the solid and mucinous components, respectively. Immunohistochemically, the mucin phenotype of this tumor was gastric and intestinal. Only the mucinous NET component had cytoplasmic CD10 expression. Examination using a customized gene panel detected only a DPC4 mutation, which was limited to the mucinous component. Conclusions: Coexistence of conventional and mucinous NETs could provide important insight into evaluating the NET subtype histogenesis. Moreover, molecular alterations including cytoplasmic expression of CD10 and the DPC4 mutation can contribute to interpretation of tumor pathogenesis.