Investigating temporal characteristics of polarimetric and electrical signatures in three severe storms: Insights from the VORTEX-Southeast field campaign

The dual-polarization radar characteristics of severe storms are commonly used as indicators to estimate the size and intensity of deep convective updrafts. In this study, we track rapid fluctuations in updraft intensity and size by objectively identifying polarimetric fingerprints such as ZDR and KDP columns, which serve as proxies for mixed-phase updraft strength. We quantify the volume of ZDR and KDP columns to evaluate their utility in diagnosing temporal variability in lightning flash characteristics. Specifically, we analyze three severe storms that developed in environments with low-to-moderate instability and strong 0–6 km wind shear in northern Alabama during the 2016-17 VORTEX-Southeast field campaign. In these three cases (a tornadic supercell embedded in stratiform precipitation, a nontornadic supercell, and a supercell embedded within a quasi-linear convective system), we find that the volume of the KDP columns exhibits a stronger correlation with the total flash rate . The higher covariability of KDP column volume with total flash rate suggests that the overall electrification and precipitation microphysics was dominated by cold cloud processes. The lower covariability with ZDR column volume indicates the presence of nonsteady updrafts or a less prominent role of warm rain processes in graupel growth and subsequent electrification. Furthermore, we observe that the majority of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strikes carried negative charge to the ground. In contrast to findings from a tornadic supercell over the Great Plains, lightning flash initiations in the Alabama storms primarily occurred outside the footprint of the ZDR and KDP column objects.