Analysis of the Interaction of Oceanic Cloudiness with the Upper Oceanic Stratum

Objective: This paper addressed the relationship between two physical quantities of interest in climatology: the thermal energy present in the upper ocean stratum (UOS) and the oceanic cloudiness (OC), i.e., the one located above oceans. Methods: The interplay between these physical quantities was pointed out by analyzing the time series of seasonal and diurnal anomalies of ocean's total cloud cover, and the anomalies of the thermal energy present in the UOS. We examined these time series to identify signals indicative of interactions between the UOS and OC. We then aimed to explain these interactions at a climatological level. Finally, for validation, we demonstrated that our explanations are consistent with a global climatological model that we developed. Results: It was demonstrated that in both cases, the time series could be described as a Markov-1 alternating type, exhibiting similar structures. This led to the conclusion that the OC served as a natural thermostat in relation to the thermal energy contained in the UOS. By using a simple mathematical model previously introduced in a recent paper by the author (2023) to account for the thermal exchanges between the troposphere and the UOS, we confirmed that the OC acted as a natural thermostat for the thermal energy in the UOS. This "natural thermostat" effect, incorporated in the model, resulted in simulations projecting significantly less warming by 2095 compared to those from most existing global climate models (GCMs). Conclusion: Methodologically, this paper confirmed the interest of using Markov chains to identify climatological interactions. The developed GCM, utilized for validating hypotheses explaining these interactions, proved simple and efficient for simulating key climatological parameters in the evolution of the global climate. On a strictly scientific level, the work's main contribution lies in providing a definitive answer about cloud cover feedback in global warming, establishing it as significantly negative.