Temporal and Spatial Variations in Tropopause Pressure Levels (TPLs) Across the Northern Hemisphere

The tropopause serves a critical role in shaping global and regional weather and climate dynamics. Changes in tropopause characteristics can significantly impact other atmospheric components, thereby influencing Earth’s climate systems. In the long run, variations in tropopause features can lead to shifts in the thermal, dynamic, and chemical properties of the tropospheric layer. This study aims to investigate the descriptive attributes of tropopause pressure levels (TPLs) during different months, as well as the temporal and spatial trends in TPL across the Northern Hemisphere spanning from 1979 to 2022. Utilizing ERA5 temperature data for the 700 to 50 hPa range, the tropopause was identified using the lapse rate of tropopause (LRT), and its changes were analyzed employing the linear regression model with the least squares error approach. The results indicated that the spatial pattern of TPLs changed across various latitudes varies seasonally. Generally, the changes in TPLs did not exhibit a linear relationship with latitude, and in most observed months, the highest and lowest TPLs did not correspond to the lowest and highest latitudes, respectively. Examination of the trend in TPLs revealed that in numerous significant areas across different seasons, the trends were statistically insignificant. Where significant, the trends predominantly indicated negative changes (decreases), suggesting a reduction in pressure and potentially an increase in tropopause altitude in these regions, possibly reflecting the influence of global warming.