Organic geochemical characteristics of the Late Cretaceous coal and carbonaceous shale succession from the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand: Implications for sedimentary environmental setting and petroleum generation potential

This comprehensive study investigates the organic matter characteristics within the Late Cretaceous Rakopi and Taniwha formations, based on data from four exploration wells situated in New Zealand's Taranaki Basin. It employs a multifaceted approach, integrating bulk geochemical analyses, biomarker measurements and carbon isotopes to unveil the geological history of these formations. Analytical results include total organic carbon content, ranging from 7.27 to 75.78 wt%, and generation potentials spanning from 28.24 to 309.16 mg hydrocarbon/g rock. These observations underscore the source rock potential of these Late Cretaceous strata. These rocks show a mixed organic matter of hydrogen-rich Type II and Type II/III kerogens, as evidenced by hydrogen index values (HI) between 237 to 428 mg hydrocarbon/g rock. These formations demonstrate promise potential for both oil and gas generation. Biomarker analysis uncovers distinct signatures, featuring a pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratio ranging from 3.27 to 10.91, a Tm/Ts ratio surpassing 7 and elevated concentrations of C₂₉ regular steranes relative to C₂₇ and C₂₈ regular steranes. These biomarker characteristics suggest a composite organic matter composition, influenced by terrigenous organic matter, likely deposited in oxygenated fluvial deltaic environments. Bulk carbon isotopic data corroborate these findings, highlighting the abundance of terrigenous organic matter. Collectively, these insights reveal that the coal and carbonaceous shale intervals in the examined wells are in the early stages of oil generation. Therefore, the Rakopi and Taniwha formations have not yet yielded commercially viable oil and/or gas quantities. In this case, these formations hold substantial promise for future exploration activities in relatively deep wells, with limited oil expulsion from coals.