Promoting effect of lanthanum doping on photovoltaic performance of CZTSSe solar cells.

A large open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficit is the major challenge hindering the efficiency improvement of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells. Cation substitution, or doping, is usually an effective strategy to achieve carrier regulation and improve efficiency. In this work, we developed a rare-earth element lanthanum (La) doped CZTSSe thin-film solar cell by directly introducing La3+ ions into the CZTS precursor solution. Such a proposed La doping approach could effectively enhance light harvesting, adjust the bandgap, and increase the electron diffusion length. Furthermore, appropriate concentrations of La doping can reduce harmful defect cluster. Benefiting from the La doping, the VOC significantly increases from 431 to 497 mV. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency is enhanced significantly from 6.54% (VOC = 431 mV, JSC = 25.50 mA/cm2, FF = 58.28%) for the reference cell to 10.21% (VOC = 497 mV, JSC = 35.20 mA/cm2, FF = 58.41%) for the optimized La-doped cell. This research provides a new direction for enhancing the performance of CZTSSe cells, offering promising prospects for the future of CZTSSe thin-film solar cells.