The suppressive effect of the specific KCC2 modulator CLP290 on seizure in mice

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by episodic dysfunction of central nervous system. The most basic mechanism of epilepsy falls to the imbalance between excitation and inhibition. In adults, GABA_A receptor (GABA_AR) is the main inhibitory receptor to prevent neurons from developing hyperexcitability, while its inhibition relies on the low intracellular chloride anion concentration ([Cl^-]_i). Neuronal-specific electroneutral K⁺-Cl⁻ cotransporter (KCC2) can mediate chloride efflux to lower [Cl^-]_i for GABA_AR mediated inhibition. Our previous study has revealed that the coordinated downregulation of KCC2 and GABA_AR participates in epilepsy. According to a high-throughout screen for compounds that reduce [Cl⁻]_i, CLP290 turns out to be a specific KCC2 functional modulator. In current study, we first confirmed that CLP290 could dose-dependently suppress convulsant-induced seizures in mice in vivo as well as the epileptiform burst activities in cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro. Then, we discovered that CLP290 functioned through preventing the downregulation of the KCC2 phosphorylation at Ser940 and hence the KCC2 membrane expression during convulsant stimulation, and consequently restored the GABA inhibition. In addition, while CLP290 was given in early epileptogenesis period, it also effectively decreased the spontaneous recurrent seizures. Generally, our current results demonstrated that CLP290, as a specific KCC2 modulator by enhancing KCC2 function, not only inhibits the occurrence of the ictal seizures, but also suppresses the epileptogenic process. Therefore, we believe KCC2 may be a suitable target for future anti-epileptic drug development.