Hypoxia impairs cellular energy allocation in the juvenile horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus

Although hypoxia is a serious environmental concern for marine ecosystems globally, its biological effects on the benthic biota remain mostly unclear for some endangered species. To provide an deep understanding of the possible effects of hypoxia on the tri-spine horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus, the cellular energy allocation (CEA) approach was utilized to examine the cellular responses and adaption potential of horseshoe crabs. We examined the energetic responses of T. tridentatus under low dissolved oxygen level (2 mg O₂/L). The horseshoe crabs first experienced 14 days of hypoxic stress, and then recovered in a normal dissolved oxygen environment for 7 days. On the 7th and 14th day of hypoxic exposure, the levels of available energy, electron transport system activity, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates were decreased in T. tridentatus (p < 0.05). All measured parameters in the hypoxic group partially or completely recovered after seven days of re‑oxygenation, reaching a level that was significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) compared with the 14th day and non-significantly different from the 0th day exposure (p ˃ 0.05). In conclusion, hypoxic stress has adverse effects on the energy balance of juvenile T. tridentatus, but these adverse effects can be alleviated in a short recovery period. As a result, our findings provide novel perspectives on the physiology of T. tridentatus under hypoxia acclimation, which is essential information for establishing ideal conditions for the cultivation of this endangered species.