A review in production of nitrogen-enriched carbon materials via chitin pyrolysis and activation for enhanced wastewater remediation

This review explores the thermal conversion of chitin, an abundant and low-cost biomaterial, into value-added chitin-biochar via pyrolysis and activation processes. Chitin-biochar exhibits desirable porosity, surface functionality, and adsorption potential, rendering it suitable for environmental applications as an eco-friendly adsorbent. The review highlights the versatility of chitin-biochar by comparing the insect-derived and crustacean-derived sources, showcasing its adaptability across different biomass feedstocks. Notably, the tailor ability of its physicochemical properties through activation, coupled with adsorption capabilities in water treatment, non-toxic nature, and biodegradability, position it as a promising material for industrial applications and circular economy integration. This review provides insights into production processes, adsorption performance, and sustainability aspects, paving the way for future research and large-scale sustainable implementation of chitin–biochar technology.