Quantification of cell shape, intracellular flows and transport based on DIC object detection and tracking

Computational image analysis combined with label‐free imaging has helped maintain its relevance for cell biology, despite the rapid technical improvements in fluorescence microscopy with the molecular specificity of tags. Here, we discuss some computational tools developed in our lab and their application to quantify cell shape, intracellular organelle movement and bead transport in vitro, using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy data as inputs. The focus of these methods is image filtering to enhance image gradients, and combining them with segmentation and single particle tracking (SPT). We demonstrate the application of these methods to Escherichia coli cell length estimation and tracking of densely packed lipid granules in Caenorhabditis elegans one‐celled embryos, diffusing beads in solutions of different viscosities and kinesin‐driven transport on microtubules. These approaches demonstrate how improvements to low‐level image analysis methods can help obtain insights through quantitative cellular and subcellular microscopy.