比较Barbourofelis fricki和Smilodon fatalis的头骨生物力学:剑齿食肉动物中是否存在一种通用的杀戮咬合方式?

Borja Figueirido, Shane Tucker, Stephan Lautenschlager
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摘要

剑齿虎是一种已经灭绝的顶级掠食者,其上部犬齿长而锋利,在脊椎动物的进化史上至少出现过五次。虽然剑齿虎的形态相对多样,但人们普遍认为它们都使用相同的捕食行为杀死猎物。在这项研究中,我们对 Barbourofelis fricki 的头骨进行了 CT 扫描,并利用有限元分析(FEA)将其头骨力学与 Smilodon fatalis 的头骨力学进行了比较。我们的目的是研究北美中新世和更新世的两种钝齿剑齿虎在杀戮行为上的潜在差异。研究发现,B. fricki具有坚固的头骨,能够在各种猎杀情况下承受压力,而S. fatalis的头骨似乎不太适合承受压力,这凸显了前者高度衍生的剑齿形态。这些结果可能表明,在猎杀猎物时,B. fricki比S. fatalis更像一个通才,后者在刺杀负荷下承受的应力较低。我们假设剑齿虎的形态特化并不一定代表生态特化。我们的研究结果支持这样一种观点,即剑齿虎在形态上的趋同可能会掩盖它们在捕杀猎物时所采用的狩猎策略上的差异。我们的研究结果对普遍认为所有剑齿虎的猎杀行为都是犬齿撕咬的假设提出了质疑。然而,通过对更多的剑齿虎和弯刀齿虎的进一步研究,我们可以更深入地了解这个已灭绝的哺乳动物食肉动物群体中头颅生物力学的多样性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Comparing cranial biomechanics between Barbourofelis fricki and Smilodon fatalis: Is there a universal killing‐bite among saber‐toothed predators?
Saber‐tooths, extinct apex predators with long and blade‐like upper canines, have appeared iteratively at least five times in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. Although saber‐tooths exhibit a relatively diverse range of morphologies, it is widely accepted that all killed their prey using the same predatory behavior. In this study, we CT‐scanned the skull of Barbourofelis fricki and compared its cranial mechanics using finite element analysis (FEA) with that of Smilodon fatalis. Our aim was to investigate potential variations in killing behavior between two dirk‐toothed sabretooths from the Miocene and Pleistocene of North America. The study revealed that B. fricki had a stoutly‐built skull capable of withstanding stress in various prey‐killing scenarios, while the skull of S. fatalis appeared less optimized for supporting stress, which highlights the highly derived saber‐tooth morphology of the former. The results may indicate that B. fricki was more of a generalist in prey‐killing compared to S. fatalis, which experiences lower stresses under stabbing loads. We hypothesize that morphological specialization in saber‐tooths does not necessarily indicate ecological specialization. Our results support the notion that morphological convergence among saber‐toothed cats may obscure differences in hunting strategies employed to dispatch their prey. Our findings challenge the assumption of the universally assumed canine‐shear biting as the prey‐killing behavior of all saber‐toothed cats. However, further research involving a wider range of dirk and scimitar‐toothed forms could provide additional insights into the diversity of cranial biomechanics within this fascinating group of extinct mammalian predators.
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