Refugia for non-timber forest product populations: Prevalence and efficacy

Tens of thousands of plant species globally are harvested to varying extents as non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Local populations of many NTFPs face significant pressures from harvesters, often leading to calls for harvesting guidelines to promote sustainable offtakes. However, most studies to determine sustainable harvest levels implicitly assume that the entire population is available to harvesters. Yet, certain areas or portions of particular NTFP populations outside of protected areas may not be open to harvesting because they are in some sort of cultural or spatial refuge. Using a mixed-methods approach we assessed the prevalence and efficacy of refugia for 70 NTFP plant species at seven communal land sites in south-eastern South Africa. Based on reports from local harvesters, approximately 10 % of the 70 species had part of their population in a refuge. For most of these, populations within a refuge showed lower levels of harvesting and were in a better condition than adjacent populations not in a refuge. These results demonstrate that studies assessing the sustainability of harvesting of NTFP populations should account for whether refugia are present.