Hysterotomy, fetus removal, and sterilization in pregnant capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris): A strategy for population control and Brazilian spotted fever prevention

This study explores a novel surgical method for population control in pregnant capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) within areas endemic to Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by the Amblyomma sp. tick. The proposed technique involves fetus removal and sterilization through a cesarean section performed along the linea alba. Conducted on 43 capybaras in São Paulo, Brazil, with all necessary ethical and legal clearances, the surgical procedure featured a periumbilical incision through the linea alba for direct uterine access, facilitation fetal removal and subsequent uterine horn ligature for complete sterilization. The technique proved efficient, with surgeries lasting between 60 and 90 minutes and incisions spanning 5–7 cm, offering minimal hemorrhage, and avoiding excessive abdominal viscera manipulation. Post-surgery, anesthetic recovery was smooth, and no sterilized females produce offspring after the procedure, underscoring the method's effectiveness for capybara population control. This is particularly significant in urban areas where human-capybara interactions are increasing due to residential expansion. The proposed surgical approach demonstrated herein presents a time-efficient and effective strategy for BSF prevention by controlling capybara population. In conclusion, the cesarean section along the linea alba emerges as a viable option for reproductive control in capybaras, with positive outcomes observed in tissue samples and overall animal health condition supporting its application in BSF-endemic regions to help reduce disease incidence.