The use of social networking sites and its association with non-suicidal self-injury among children and adolescents: A systematic review

Background

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent. Over the past few decades, an increase in the prevalence of NSSI has been noted and NSSI behaviours appear to be developing at younger ages. Simultaneously, the use of Social Networking Sites (SNS) has steadily increased over recent years. The coincident rise in the widespread use of SNS and NSSI has led researchers to consider a possible link between these two aspects. However, this phenomenon is still not fully understood. This systematic review aimed to clarify the link between SNS and NSSI among young populations, specifically focusing on the effect of SNS exposure on NSSI.

Methods

Searches were performed in four electronic databases using terms related to the variables of interest (SNS, NSSI, children/adolescents). The search produced 687 initial records.

Results

The study selection process resulted in 10 eligible records, including two qualitative studies. Significant associations were found between SNS exposure and increased risk of NSSI in samples of children and adolescents from psychiatric contexts in the United States, and in samples from the general community in China and the UK.

Limitations

Because all studies had a cross-sectional design, it was not possible to establish whether SNS exposure resulted in NSSI or vice-versa.

Conclusions

The qualitative studies suggest a complex association. The quantitative studies show conflicting results on NSSI as regards time spent on SNS and gender. Future longitudinal studies and research using qualitative methodology can contribute to illuminate the trends identified in this review.