Simulating VLBI observations to BeiDou and Galileo satellites in L-band for frame ties

Using the very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) technique to observe Earth-orbiting satellites is a topic of increasing interest for the establishment of frame ties. We present a simulation study on VLBI observations to BeiDou and Galileo satellites in L-band to investigate the accuracy of inter-technique frame ties between VLBI and global navigation satellite system (GNSS). We employ a global network of 16 antennas equipped with dedicated L-band receivers capable of observing BeiDou’s B1 and B3 navigation signals and Galileo’s E1 and E6 navigation signals. Through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, we simulate 24-h sessions to determine the optimal ratio of satellite to quasar scans. The optimal schedule uses about 80–90% satellite sources. We find that the 10–20% observations of quasar sources improve the estimation of the troposphere and, consequently, the estimation of the antenna position. Combining the normal equations from seven 24-h sessions, we derive a 7-day solution. The average antenna position repeatability is 7.3 mm. We identify the limitations of the results as the tropospheric turbulence, inaccuracies in the satellite orbit determination, and the lack of a more homogeneously distributed global network. This simulation study supports the understanding in the topic of building a frame tie using VLBI observations to GNSS satellites.