Comparison of Different Electrochemical Methodologies for Electrode Reactions: A Case Study of Paracetamol

Understanding electrochemical reactions at the surface of electrodes requires the accurate calculation of key parameters—the transfer coefficient (α), diffusion coefficient (D0), and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0). The choice of method to calculate these parameters requires careful consideration based on the nature of the electrochemical reaction. In this study, we conducted the cyclic voltammetry of paracetamol to calculate the values of these parameters using different methods and present a comparative analysis. Our results demonstrate that the Ep − Ep/2 equation for α and the modified Randles–Ševčík equation for D0 is particularly effective for the calculations of these two parameters. The Kochi and Gileadi methods are reliable alternatives for the calculation of k0. Nicholson and Shain’s method using the equation k0 = Ψ(πnD0Fν/RT)1/2 gives the overestimated values of k0. However, the value of k0 calculated using the plot of ν−1/2 versus Ψ (from the Nicholson and Shain equation, where ν is scan rate) agrees well with the values calculated from the Kochi and Gilaedi methods. This study not only identifies optimal methodologies for quasi-reversible reactions but also contributes to a deeper understanding of electrochemical reactions involving complex electron transfer and coupled chemical reactions, which can be broadly applicable in various electrochemical studies.