Neonatal anaemia

Neonatal anaemia is a prevalent challenge in neonatal intensive care units. This arises from an interplay of physiological and non-physiological processes. Blood loss, diminished red blood cell production and increased erythrocyte breakdown are the primary contributors. Effective preventive and treatment strategies require an understanding of the likely underlying cause. Management of anaemia in premature infants involves additional complexities. This article provides an overview of the more important aspects of neonatal anaemia. It considers the various contributing factors and pathophysiology in term and preterm infants. We suggest an approach to the diagnosis and management of neonatal anaemia, highlighting the value of the various diagnostic tests within the neonatal intensive care unit. Crucial aspects addressed include the preventive measures that clinicians need to focus on and evidence-based treatment strategies.