Following in the footsteps of the successful spice farmers: Determinants of spice income in Tanzania

Factors influencing spice income in Tanzania are assessed, exploring household effects of spice diversification, socio-economic and land characteristics on spice income. Spice diversification, household size, age and gender of the household head, non-spice crops and off-farm activities are factors influencing spice income. Results indicate that successful farmers can negotiate higher prices for most spices. This suggests that policymakers should encourage farmers to diversify production and supplement their income with non-spice crops. Promoting cooperation among farmers, improving marketing infrastructure and implementing education programs could equip farmers with the necessary knowledge and skills to negotiate prices and reduce income differences among farmers.