Effects of nano-metal oxide additives on ignition and combustion properties of MICs-boron rich fuels

Boron has been considered a promising powdered metal fuel for enhancing composite propellants' energy output due to its high energy density. However, the high ignition temperature and low combustion efficiency limit the application of boron powder due to the high boiling point of the boron oxide layer. Much research is ongoing to overcome these shortcomings, and one potential approach is to introduce a small quantity of metal oxide additives to promote the reaction of boron. This study prepared boron-rich fuels with 10 wt% of eight nano-metal oxide additives by mechanical ball milling. The effect of metal oxides on the thermo-oxidation, ignition, and combustion properties of boron powder was comprehensively studied by the thermogravimetric analysis (TG), the electrically heated filament setup (T-jump), and the laser-induced combustion experiments. TG experiments at 5 K/min found that Bi₂O₃, MoO₃, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, and CuO can promote thermo-oxidation of boron. Compared to pure boron, T_onset can be reduced from 569 °C to a minimum of 449 °C (B/Bi₂O₃). Infrared temperature measurement in T-jump tests showed that when heated by an electric heating wire at rates from 1000 K/s to 25000 K/s, the ignition temperatures of B/Bi₂O₃ are the lowest, even lower than the melting point of boron oxide. Ignition images and SEM for the products further showed that the high heating rate is beneficial to the rapid reaction of boron powder in the single-particle combustion state. Fuels (B/Bi₂O₃, B/MoO₃, and B/CuO) were mixed with the oxidant AP and ignited by laser to study the combustion performance. The results showed that B/CuO/AP has the largest flame area, the highest BO₂ characteristic spectral intensity, and the largest burn rate for powder lines. To combine the advantages of CuO and Bi₂O₃, binary metal oxide (CBO, mass ratio of 3:1) was prepared and the test results showed that CBO can very well improve both ignition and combustion properties of boron. Especially B/CBO/AP has the highest burn rate compared with all fuels containing other additives. It was found that multi-component metal-oxide additive can more synergistically improve the reaction characteristics of boron powder than unary additive. These findings contribute to the development of boron-rich fuels and their application in propellants.