Flora M. Brocza , Stella J. Foster , Caroline L. Peacock , Jenny M. Jones
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Synthesis and applications of manganese oxide - biochar composites: A systematic review across catalysis, capacitor and sorption applications
Manganese oxide biochar composites (MnOx-BCs) are at the frontier of materials development for current environmental and engineering challenges in contaminant sorption and degradation, capacitive deionisation, as well as supercapacitor research. However, the parameter space for optimisation of such composites is vast, spanning from the choice of feedstocks and synthesis procedure to post-processing. This study uses a systematic literature review methodology to provide a comprehensive view into the synthesis methods and applications of MnOx-BCs. The focus is on the manganese phase oxidation states, which are often decisive for a material’s properties but not directly comparable with the (well-explored) synthesis of pure MnOx due to the chemical variability of biochars. The relationships between synthesis method, manganese phase, crystallinity and morphology, as well as biochar type are characterised. We argue that careful selection of the desired manganese phase and oxidation state are as important as careful consideration of the bulk chemistry and microstructure of the biochar phase. Much evidence already exists for fine-tuning these combinations, but there is still a clear research gap in systematically studying the biochar impact on the final MnOx phase.
期刊介绍:
Biomass & Bioenergy is an international journal publishing original research papers and short communications, review articles and case studies on biological resources, chemical and biological processes, and biomass products for new renewable sources of energy and materials.
The scope of the journal extends to the environmental, management and economic aspects of biomass and bioenergy.
Key areas covered by the journal:
• Biomass: sources, energy crop production processes, genetic improvements, composition. Please note that research on these biomass subjects must be linked directly to bioenergy generation.
• Biological Residues: residues/rests from agricultural production, forestry and plantations (palm, sugar etc), processing industries, and municipal sources (MSW). Papers on the use of biomass residues through innovative processes/technological novelty and/or consideration of feedstock/system sustainability (or unsustainability) are welcomed. However waste treatment processes and pollution control or mitigation which are only tangentially related to bioenergy are not in the scope of the journal, as they are more suited to publications in the environmental arena. Papers that describe conventional waste streams (ie well described in existing literature) that do not empirically address ''new'' added value from the process are not suitable for submission to the journal.
• Bioenergy Processes: fermentations, thermochemical conversions, liquid and gaseous fuels, and petrochemical substitutes
• Bioenergy Utilization: direct combustion, gasification, electricity production, chemical processes, and by-product remediation
• Biomass and the Environment: carbon cycle, the net energy efficiency of bioenergy systems, assessment of sustainability, and biodiversity issues.