Vascular targeting of constituents of commonly used spices and its molecular interactions in endothelial dysfunction: A review

Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by impaired endothelial function, is critical in developing cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that certain constituents of commonly used spices potentially mitigate endothelial dysfunction. This review summarizes the current literature on the constituents of commonly used spices and their molecular interactions in endothelial system. We first provide an overview of physiological significance as well as dysfunction of endothelium and its role in cardiovascular diseases, including the mechanisms like oxidative stress, inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, thrombosis, and impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. The physiological significance such as, regulation of thrombosis and fibrinolysis, preventing atherosclerosis and neo-angiogenesis, were discussed. Various spices reported to possess vascular-targeting properties, including curcumin from turmeric, allicin from garlic, gingerol from ginger, piperine from black pepper, quercetin from onion, 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde from cinnamon etc. were discussed. We highlight the molecular interactions of these spice constituents with endothelial cells, including their effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and NO bioavailability. Evidence from in vitro, animal, and human studies reveals that, spice constituents modulate various signaling pathways and enhance NO bioavailability, which collectively contribute to their potential beneficial effects on endothelial function. Furthermore, we discuss the potential mechanisms including reduced expression of ICAM, VCAM, and selectin, inhibition of NF-κB activation and translocation, and decreased ROS and H₂O₂ levels. In conclusion, the constituents of commonly used spices, such as (allicin, curcumin, quercetin, gingerol etc.) promises a novel approach for modulating endothelial function in vascular disorders. Further research in this area may provide valuable insights into the potential use of these spice constituents as complementary or alternative therapies for cardiovascular diseases.