Lead-free perovskites for flexible optoelectronics

In modern technology, optoelectronics plays a pivotal role, finding applications in diverse areas like solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and photodetectors. Perovskite materials, known for their exceptional optical properties, are gaining attraction due to their light weight, flexibility, and ease of production. The expanding markets of wearable electronics and flexible displays have underscored the importance of developing flexible perovskite optoelectronic devices. However, the prevalent use of lead in high-performance perovskite devices poses significant environmental and health risks, casting doubt on their commercial future. This review commences with examining lead hazards, followed by a discussion on how first-principles calculations aid in designing lead-free perovskites. We survey the synthesized lead-free perovskites and explore their properties. The focus then shifts to the latest advancements in flexible optoelectronic devices utilizing lead-free perovskites, including solar cells, LEDs, and near-infrared photodetectors. Additionally, we explore the role of TCAD (Technology Computer-Aided Design) in simulating and optimizing these devices, highlighting its impact on device design and efficiency.