Source of metals in the De’erni ultramafic-hosted volcanic massive sulfide deposit, Eastern Kunlun, China

The De’erni Cu–Zn-Co deposit is a typical altered ultramafic-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit comprising four lenticular main orebodies (0.57 Mt Cu, 1.27% Cu average ore grade; 0.03 Mt Co, 0.09% Co average ore grade; 0.16 Mt Zn, 1.04% Zn average ore grade) hosted in serpentinite and a 200-m-thick basalt was found below the No. I orebody. Serpentinite spinel Al₂O₃, TiO₂, Cr#, and Mg# indicate a mantle-source. Serpentinite magmatic-hydrothermal genesis is indicated by the following: (i) high Rb/Y and Th/Zr ratios, low Nb/Zr ratios, and low δ⁶⁵Cu values; (ii) altered magnetite rims on spinel being characterized by high Cr, Ni, and Ti, and low Ga contents; (iii) pyrite appears along the boundary of spinel grains and has a higher Co and Ni content than pyrite in ores. Therefore, the ultramafic host rocks are formed by strong fluid alteration of primary mantle rocks. The compositional zoning of Co, Cu, and Zn in euhedral coarse-grained pyrite from massive sulfide ore suggests that metal enrichment was associated with three fluid phases, with a clear temporal interval between the fluid activity that introduced Co/Cu enrichment and Zn enrichment (Zn-rich veins in magnetite cross-cut early spinel). Serpentinite exhibits a higher Zn content and decoupling of Ni and Co contents compared to Dur’ngoi ophiolite serpentinite distal from the orebody, implying primary ultramafic rocks may have provided Co to the ores. The apparently high Cu content of the Dur’ngoi ophiolite basalt in comparison with ophiolite basalts worldwide indicates basalt may have supplied the Cu.