Distributed Source-Load-Storage Cooperative Low-Carbon Scheduling Strategy Considering Vehicle-to-Grid Aggregators

The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology enables the bidirectional power flow between electric vehicle (EV) batteries and the power grid, making EV-based mobile energy storage an appealing supplement to stationary energy storage systems. However, the stochastic and volatile charging behaviors pose a challenge for EV fleets to engage directly in multi-agent cooperation. To unlock the scheduling potential of EVs, this paper proposes a source-load-storage cooperative low-carbon scheduling strategy considering V2G aggregators. The uncertainty of EV charging patterns is managed through a rolling-horizon control framework, where the scheduling and control horizons are adaptively adjusted according to the availability periods of EVs. Moreover, a Minkowski-sum based aggregation method is employed to evaluate the scheduling potential of aggregated EV fleets within a given scheduling horizon. This method effectively reduces the variable dimension while preserving the charging and discharging constraints of individual EVs. Subsequently, a Nash bargaining based cooperative scheduling model involving a distribution system operator (DSO), an EV aggregator (EVA), and a load aggregator (LA) is established to maximize the social welfare and improve the low-carbon performance of the system. This model is solved by the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm in a distributed manner, with privacy of participants fully preserved. The proposed strategy is proven to achieve the objective of low-carbon economic operation.