Cerebral venous impairment and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Cerebral veins are responsible for the outflow drainage of brain interstitial fluid (ISF). The importance of cerebral venous drainage has been emphasized in various neurological diseases. Impaired venous outflow may lead to brain edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, inflammatory responses and hemorrhagic complications. With the development of imaging technologies, several imaging-based signs for venous assessment are proposed. Therapies targeting cerebral venous drainage have shown beneficial outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in clinic, however more insight into the cellular and molecular level should be elucidated. Here we review the pathological changes following cerebral venous drainage impairment, summary the advances in image-based evaluation, address the potential molecular mechanisms, and discuss venous drainage-focused therapies. A better understanding of cerebral venous drainage and its underlying mechanism will promote the pharmacological development and clinical management of CVST.