分析商业奶牛场生奶的理化和营养参数--掺假对公共卫生的影响

Saud Azhar, Wasia Jamil, Abdul Hannan Ali, Bushra Iftikhar, Mehr A. Orakzai, Yumna Afaq, Aiman Arshad, Anusha Azhar, Wajid Ali
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摘要

目的:在全球范围内,牛奶掺假是一个重要的公共卫生问题,但在发展中国家,掺假问题更为严重,因为掺假的经济收益很小。本研究旨在从公共卫生的角度评估商业奶牛场生牛奶的理化和营养参数:本研究采用简单随机抽样法,从白沙瓦的每个奶牛场抽取了 29 份散装生牛乳样本,并使用超声波牛奶分析仪进行分析。检测牛奶掺假的主要参数有尿素、淀粉、过氧化氢、洗涤剂、山梨醇、季铵化合物、硼酸、蔗糖、氯化钠、碳酸盐、福尔马林、次氯酸盐、冰点、添加水、盐百分比和导电率(EC)。此外,还通过脂肪、固形物-非脂肪(SNF)、乳糖和蛋白质对营养质量进行了评估。结果采用 SPSS 软件进行 t 检验统计分析:结果表明,90% 以上的样品掺水超过 5%,其中 55% 的样品营养参数明显降低,但仍有 24% 的样品总体营养质量合格。21% 的样品电导率较高,反映出动物患有乳腺炎,因此不适合食用,因为这会导致抗生素或微生物进入人体。此外,没有在任何样本中检测到化学掺假物。t 检验表明,大多数参数与群体标准平均值相比有显著差异(p=0.05):结论:一半的牛奶样品因掺水而导致质量下降,约四分之一的样品EC值升高。尽管掺了水,但脂肪和 SNF 等营养成分仍在范围之内,表明牛奶与水牛奶混合。大多数检测参数低于全国平均水平,但高于最低值。没有检测到化学掺假物。有必要对牛奶进行持续检测,以保持公共卫生标准。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
ANALYSIS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS OF RAW MILK FROM COMMERCIAL DAIRY FARMS – IMPLICATIONS OF ADULTERATION FOR PUBLIC HEALTH
Objective: Globally, milk adulteration is an important public health issue but more so in developing countries, for small financial gains. This study was designed to assess the physicochemical and nutritional parameters of raw milk from commercial dairy farms from a public health perspective. Material and Methods: In this study 29 bulk samples of raw cattle milk were selected, one from each dairy farm in Peshawar, using simple random sampling and analyzed using by ultrasonic milk analyser. The main parameters tested for adulteration of milk were urea, starch, hydrogen peroxide, detergent, sorbitol, quaternary ammonium compounds, boric acid, cane sugar, sodium chloride, carbonate, formalin, hypochlorite, freezing point, added water, salt percentages and electrical conductivity (EC). Additionally, nutritional quality was assessed by fats, solids-non-fats (SNF), lactose, and protein. The results were statistically analyzed by t-test using SPSS software. Results: Results showed that more than 90% of the samples had water adulteration of more than 5% due to which 55% had significantly reduced nutritional parameters but still overall nutritional quality was acceptable in 24% of the samples. 21% of samples had high electrical conductivity reflecting mastitis in animals and consequently considered unsuitable for consumption due to the resultant transmission of either antibiotics or microorganisms into the human body. Furthermore, chemical adulterants were not detected in any sample. t-test showed that most of the parameters were significantly different (p=0.05) than the population standard means. Conclusion: Milk samples had compromised quality due to water addition in half of them and raised EC values in about a quarter of the samples. Despite water adulteration, nutrients like fat and SNF remained within ranges, indicating a cow-buffalo milk blend. Most tested parameters were lower than national averages but above minimum values. No chemical adulterants were detected. There’s a need for continuous milk testing to maintain public health standards. key words: mild adulteration, commecial dairy farms
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