Serum cell division cycle 42 reflects the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus

. Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) regulates podocyte apoptosis to take part in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but currently the clinical evidence is limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the capability of serum CDC42 expression level to estimate the development and progression of DN in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients with type 2 DM (n=306) were enrolled and divided into normoalbuminuria (n=185), microalbumin‑ uria (n=72) and macroalbuminuria (n=49) groups based on the urinary albumin‑to‑creatinine ratio. Serum CDC42 was measured in all subjects using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. The median (interquartile range) CDC42 in patients with DM was 0.461 (0.314‑0.690) ng/ml (range, 0.087‑1.728 ng/ml). CDC42 was positively associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.001), but negatively correlated with body mass index, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, serum creatine, serum uric acid and C reactive protein (all P<0.050). CDC42 levels were lowest in the macroalbuminuria group, followed by the microalbuminuria group, and were highest in the normoalbuminuria group (P<0.001). CDC42 indicated that it was a favorable estimator for the presence of albuminuria [area under the curve (AUC), 0.792; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.736‑0.848] and macroalbuminuria (AUC, 0.845; 95% CI, 0.775‑0.915). By analyses in four different multivariate logistic regression models, increased CDC42 was indepen‑ dently associated with the presence of microalbuminuria (all P<0.001), macroalbuminuria (most P<0.001) and microalbu‑ minuria + macroalbuminuria (all P<0.001). Serum CDC42 level negatively correlated with microalbuminuria and macro‑ albuminuria in patients with DM, suggesting its