The Quantitative Role of Moisture and Vertical Motion in Shaping Summer Heavy Rainfall over North China under Two Distinct Large-Scale Weather Patterns

Abstract Two distinct categories of weather patterns, denoted as Type 1 and Type 2, which show higher-than-expected frequency of summer heavy rainfall days (HRDs) over North China (NC), are selected from nine weather patterns categorized by the self-organizing map algorithm during 1979–2019. The respective HRDs over NC exhibit dissimilar characteristics, with Type 1 showing a northern distribution and Type 2 a southern distribution. The quantitative disparities in terms of moisture content and vertical motion are discussed in reactions to the synoptic-scale patterns associated with HRDs. The outcomes of a 20-day backward tracking, using the so-called Water Accounting Model-2layers, reveal noteworthy contrasts in moisture sources. Type 1 predominantly receives moisture from the western North Pacific, while Type 2 relies more on contributions from the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Eurasia. However, the major moisture sources with grid cells contributing more than 0.01 mm show a consistent cumulative contribution of 77% for Type 1 and 80% for Type 2. The finding suggests that the discrepancy between the two types cannot be solely attributed to moisture supply. Further examination of the transverse and shearwise Q-vector components provides insights into how these distinct weather patterns influence HRDs by the alteration of vertical motion. In Type 1, an upper-level jet entrance induces a thermally direct secondary circulation that enhances vertical motion, while a baroclinic trough plays a dominant role in generating vertical motion in Type 2. Moreover, these unique configurations for each type of weather pattern are not only pre-existing but also intensified during HRDs.