{"title":"在等级森严的社会中通过肢体残缺的惩罚来生存:对东周(公元前 771-256 年)两例惩罚性截肢的生物考古学研究,以及对中国古代刑罚和医疗制度的借鉴","authors":"Yawei Zhou, Yanmei Liu, Fei Yan, Qian Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12520-024-01961-2","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Limb amputation is a surgical procedure used during a medical operation or to manage trauma. Besides its therapeutic potential, amputation is a cruel punishment, with punitive body reduction practiced in ancient societies and even some modern ones. Victims of punitive amputation would face impaired locomotion and public shame. In this study, two individuals with signs of lower limb amputation were excavated from the Xiagantang site in Sanmengxia, Henan Province, China. The two skeletons were studied using bioarcheological approaches to determine consequences of amputation, identify possible patient care, and reconstruct circumstances of the amputation events. M693 had a lower limb amputation on the left side, while M432 was amputated on the right. Macroscopic observations and image analyses indicated healing and functional adaptations. Grave goods and the isotopic analysis suggested that the amputees had relatively high socioeconomic status. It is postulated that M693 and M432 had punitive amputation for felonies; this bioarchaeological evidence corroborated with historic written records of law and punishment from the penal system of the Zhou Dynasty. Post-execution, the individuals were allowed to recover, and they continued to live for years. These cases enrich our understanding of the physical consequences of lower limb amputation and illuminate the social context of amputation during ancient times.</p>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Surviving punishment by body reduction in a hierarchical society: A bioarcheological study of two punitive amputation cases in Eastern Zhou Dynasty (771–256 BCE) with references to the penal and medical systems of ancient China\",\"authors\":\"Yawei Zhou, Yanmei Liu, Fei Yan, Qian Wang\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12520-024-01961-2\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Limb amputation is a surgical procedure used during a medical operation or to manage trauma. Besides its therapeutic potential, amputation is a cruel punishment, with punitive body reduction practiced in ancient societies and even some modern ones. Victims of punitive amputation would face impaired locomotion and public shame. In this study, two individuals with signs of lower limb amputation were excavated from the Xiagantang site in Sanmengxia, Henan Province, China. The two skeletons were studied using bioarcheological approaches to determine consequences of amputation, identify possible patient care, and reconstruct circumstances of the amputation events. M693 had a lower limb amputation on the left side, while M432 was amputated on the right. Macroscopic observations and image analyses indicated healing and functional adaptations. Grave goods and the isotopic analysis suggested that the amputees had relatively high socioeconomic status. It is postulated that M693 and M432 had punitive amputation for felonies; this bioarchaeological evidence corroborated with historic written records of law and punishment from the penal system of the Zhou Dynasty. Post-execution, the individuals were allowed to recover, and they continued to live for years. These cases enrich our understanding of the physical consequences of lower limb amputation and illuminate the social context of amputation during ancient times.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":8214,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-03-16\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"89\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-01961-2\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"地球科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ANTHROPOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-01961-2","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ANTHROPOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Surviving punishment by body reduction in a hierarchical society: A bioarcheological study of two punitive amputation cases in Eastern Zhou Dynasty (771–256 BCE) with references to the penal and medical systems of ancient China
Limb amputation is a surgical procedure used during a medical operation or to manage trauma. Besides its therapeutic potential, amputation is a cruel punishment, with punitive body reduction practiced in ancient societies and even some modern ones. Victims of punitive amputation would face impaired locomotion and public shame. In this study, two individuals with signs of lower limb amputation were excavated from the Xiagantang site in Sanmengxia, Henan Province, China. The two skeletons were studied using bioarcheological approaches to determine consequences of amputation, identify possible patient care, and reconstruct circumstances of the amputation events. M693 had a lower limb amputation on the left side, while M432 was amputated on the right. Macroscopic observations and image analyses indicated healing and functional adaptations. Grave goods and the isotopic analysis suggested that the amputees had relatively high socioeconomic status. It is postulated that M693 and M432 had punitive amputation for felonies; this bioarchaeological evidence corroborated with historic written records of law and punishment from the penal system of the Zhou Dynasty. Post-execution, the individuals were allowed to recover, and they continued to live for years. These cases enrich our understanding of the physical consequences of lower limb amputation and illuminate the social context of amputation during ancient times.
期刊介绍:
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences covers the full spectrum of natural scientific methods with an emphasis on the archaeological contexts and the questions being studied. It bridges the gap between archaeologists and natural scientists providing a forum to encourage the continued integration of scientific methodologies in archaeological research.
Coverage in the journal includes: archaeology, geology/geophysical prospection, geoarchaeology, geochronology, palaeoanthropology, archaeozoology and archaeobotany, genetics and other biomolecules, material analysis and conservation science.
The journal is endorsed by the German Society of Natural Scientific Archaeology and Archaeometry (GNAA), the Hellenic Society for Archaeometry (HSC), the Association of Italian Archaeometrists (AIAr) and the Society of Archaeological Sciences (SAS).