Parainfectious Brown-Sequard syndrome associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an adult patient: a case report.

Introduction: Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) refers to a rare severe acquired spinal cord inflammation, with a challenging diagnostic work-up and treatment.

Case presentation: We report the case of a 42-year-old patient who presented with loss of temperature and pain sensation beneath the C5 dermatome in her left side and reported a history of a possible respiratory tract illness 10 days ago. Within 2 days, clinical worsening was noted, compatible with Brown-Sequard syndrome. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a T2 sequence abnormal signal from level C4 to T3 and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies showed only a mild pleocytosis mononuclear type. Extensive CSF and blood tests revealed only high Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM and IgG titers. Treatment with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone and oral azithromycin were administrated and the patient recovered completely within two months.

Discussion: We would like to highlight the importance for physicians to consider M. pneumoniae in their differential diagnosis as a potential cause when encountering patients with symptoms of ATM and inflammatory Brown-Sequard syndrome.