Knee dislocations with vascular injuries - a review article.

Knee dislocations are complex and devastating injuries that are potentially limb threatening. A high level of suspicion is required to diagnose and treat these injuries properly and timely because some of the knee dislocations spontaneously reduce, and the seriousness of the injury might not be appreciated early. Early diagnosis of concomitant vascular injuries is imperative to avoid limb loss because the risk of amputation is high when diagnosis and timely intervention are delayed. It is recommended that serial ankle-brachial index (ABI) be performed in all patients with suspected knee dislocation. This is particularly important in fracture dislocations, high-energy trauma, morbidly obese patients, lateral sided injuries, concomitant peroneal nerve injuries and fracture in the ipsilateral limb because these were demonstrated to be associated with a high risk of concomitant vascular injuries in knee dislocations. In cases where serial ABI cannot be performed, in high-risk patients and ABI less-than 0.9, a CT angiography should be performed.