Fall or spring aminopyralid applications control Taeniatherum caput-medusae

Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski is an invasive winter annual grass of western North American grasslands and rangelands that negatively impacts forage production, wildlife habitat, and ecosystem processes. Growth regulator herbicides, such as aminopyralid, applied in spring reduce invasive annual grass seed viability in greenhouse and California annual grassland experiments. Beginning in fall 2017, we tested combinations of sequential fall (preemergence, PRE) and spring (postemergence, POST) aminopyralid applications at low (103 g ae ha-1) and high (206 g ae ha-1) rates at two ecologically distinct sites in the Intermountain West. PRE and POST aminopyralid applications at low and high rates controlled T. caput-medusae by 76-100% the second summer after study initiation. At the Utah site (which is warmer, drier, and more degraded than the Idaho site), the high rate resulted in better control. The first summer, POST aminopyralid applications at low and high rates reduced seed viability 47-91% compared to nontreated seeds, with the greatest reductions seen in Utah, which was experiencing drought. Across study sites, reduced T. caput-medusae germination in one year was linked to improved control the following year. The Idaho site also had desirable perennial grasses on which we investigated non-target effects. In general, there was a correlation between high T. caput-medusae control and higher perennial grass cover, indicating that successful control can make desirable perennial grasses more vigorous in this system. The option of a spring aminopyralid application increases the management window for controlling invasive annual grasses by decreasing seed viability, thereby depleting short-lived seed banks.