Offshore high chlorophyll eddies: Separating upwelling from nearshore migration from ocean color remote sensing

Offshore eddies are often associated with high amounts of phytoplankton (represented by the chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla)), or, phytoplankton blooms, which can be detected from ocean color satellites. The phytoplankton “blooms” in these eddies are commonly explained as a result of enhanced nutrients - local growth - brought up from deeper waters by these eddies, although potentially they could simply be a migration of high Chla waters from nearshore regions. To better understand the interactions between physical forcing and phytoplankton dynamics, it is necessary to separate these “blooms” between local growth and migration. In this study, we first updated the multiple pigment inversion model using a synthetic dataset, for retrieving the absorption coefficient and absorption Gaussian peaks of phytoplankton from remote sensing reflectance in the broad aquatic environments. On this basis, a two-dimensional spatial model was developed to identify the sources of phytoplankton associated with offshore eddies. The model was based on the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton at 443 nm (a_ph(443)) and the ratio of two Gaussian peaks at 519 nm and 435 nm, where these two peaks represent different contributions of phytoplankton pigments to a_ph. This two-dimensional spatial model was applied to images collected by the Ocean and Land Color Instrument in the California offshore region to demonstrate that the scheme effectively separated offshore upwelling waters from those migrating from nearshore waters. Such separations provide independent sources for identifying offshore upwelling water that will be important for studying offshore circulation processes.