Miguel Ángel Moreno-Ibáñez, Palmira Saladié, Iván Ramírez-Pedraza, Celia Díez-Canseco, Juan Luis Fernández-Marchena, Eni Soriano, Eudald Carbonell, Carlos Tornero
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Perimortem injuries were observed and analyzed with stereomicroscopy and confocal microscopy.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>Among the minimum of 51 individuals documented, at least six people showed evidence of perimortem trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the skeletal sample, but those with violent injuries are predominantly males. Twenty-six bones had 49 injuries, 48 of which involved sharp force trauma on postcranial elements, and one example of blunt force trauma on a cranium. The wounds were mostly located on the upper extremities and ribs, anterior and posterior. Several antemortem lesions were also documented in the assemblage.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Discussion</h3>\n \n <p>The perimortem lesions, together with direct dating, suggest that more than one episode of interpersonal violence took place between the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age in northeastern Spain. The features of the sharp force trauma indicate that different weapons were used, including sharp metal objects and lithic projectiles. The Roc de les Orenetes assemblage represents a scenario of recurrent lethal confrontation in a high mountain geographic context, representing the evidence of inferred interpersonal violence located at the highest altitude settings in the Pyrenees, at 1836 meters above sea level.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24909","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Death in the high mountains: Evidence of interpersonal violence during Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age at Roc de les Orenetes (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)\",\"authors\":\"Miguel Ángel Moreno-Ibáñez, Palmira Saladié, Iván Ramírez-Pedraza, Celia Díez-Canseco, Juan Luis Fernández-Marchena, Eni Soriano, Eudald Carbonell, Carlos Tornero\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/ajpa.24909\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Objectives</h3>\\n \\n <p>To test a hypothesis on interpersonal violence events during the transition between Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in the Eastern Pyrenees, to contextualize it in Western Europe during that period, and to assess if these marks can be differentiated from secondary funerary treatment.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\\n \\n <p>Metric and non-metric methods were used to estimate the age-at-death and sex of the skeletal remains. Perimortem injuries were observed and analyzed with stereomicroscopy and confocal microscopy.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Results</h3>\\n \\n <p>Among the minimum of 51 individuals documented, at least six people showed evidence of perimortem trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the skeletal sample, but those with violent injuries are predominantly males. Twenty-six bones had 49 injuries, 48 of which involved sharp force trauma on postcranial elements, and one example of blunt force trauma on a cranium. The wounds were mostly located on the upper extremities and ribs, anterior and posterior. Several antemortem lesions were also documented in the assemblage.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Discussion</h3>\\n \\n <p>The perimortem lesions, together with direct dating, suggest that more than one episode of interpersonal violence took place between the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age in northeastern Spain. The features of the sharp force trauma indicate that different weapons were used, including sharp metal objects and lithic projectiles. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
目的检验东比利牛斯山地区在旧石器时代和青铜时代过渡期间发生的人际暴力事件的假说,将其与该时期的西欧背景联系起来,并评估这些痕迹是否可以与二次殡葬处理区分开来:采用公制和非公制方法估算骸骨的死亡年龄和性别。采用体视显微镜和共聚焦显微镜观察和分析死前损伤:结果:在至少 51 具记录在案的遗骸中,至少有 6 具遗骸有死前创伤的迹象。在骨骼样本中,所有年龄组和男女都有,但有暴力伤害的主要是男性。26 块骸骨上有 49 处伤痕,其中 48 处涉及颅骨后部的锐器伤,还有一处是颅骨上的钝器伤。伤口大多位于上肢和肋骨的前部和后部。在这批尸体中还发现了几处死前损伤:讨论:死前的伤痕以及直接测定的年代表明,西班牙东北部在旧石器时代晚期和青铜时代早期之间发生过不止一次人际暴力事件。锐器创伤的特征表明,当时使用了不同的武器,包括锋利的金属物体和石弹。Roc de les Orenetes 组合代表了在高山地理环境下经常发生的致命冲突,是推断的人际暴力证据,位于比利牛斯山脉海拔最高的地方,海拔 1836 米。
Death in the high mountains: Evidence of interpersonal violence during Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age at Roc de les Orenetes (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)
Objectives
To test a hypothesis on interpersonal violence events during the transition between Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in the Eastern Pyrenees, to contextualize it in Western Europe during that period, and to assess if these marks can be differentiated from secondary funerary treatment.
Materials and Methods
Metric and non-metric methods were used to estimate the age-at-death and sex of the skeletal remains. Perimortem injuries were observed and analyzed with stereomicroscopy and confocal microscopy.
Results
Among the minimum of 51 individuals documented, at least six people showed evidence of perimortem trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the skeletal sample, but those with violent injuries are predominantly males. Twenty-six bones had 49 injuries, 48 of which involved sharp force trauma on postcranial elements, and one example of blunt force trauma on a cranium. The wounds were mostly located on the upper extremities and ribs, anterior and posterior. Several antemortem lesions were also documented in the assemblage.
Discussion
The perimortem lesions, together with direct dating, suggest that more than one episode of interpersonal violence took place between the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age in northeastern Spain. The features of the sharp force trauma indicate that different weapons were used, including sharp metal objects and lithic projectiles. The Roc de les Orenetes assemblage represents a scenario of recurrent lethal confrontation in a high mountain geographic context, representing the evidence of inferred interpersonal violence located at the highest altitude settings in the Pyrenees, at 1836 meters above sea level.