Confinement of transitioning particles in bi-helical Wendelstein-type configurations

Recently, stochastic motion of 3.5-MeV alpha particles with orbits that vary between locally trapped and locally passing states (transitioning particles) in a Helias reactor was observed numerically. This validated the theoretical predictions that (i) the stochastic diffusion represents a mechanism of considerable delayed loss of fast ions in quasi-isodynamic stellarators and (ii) it is possible to prevent the escape of particles to the wall by closing the separatrix between the locally trapped and passing states. It was concluded that, in principle, the separatrix could be made closed, resulting in a reduction of fast ion losses, by compensating for the effect of the helical component of the magnetic field $(1, 1)$ with an enhanced ‘anti-helical’ harmonic $(1, -1)$; the enlargement of this harmonic was proposed previously for other reasons. This possibility is explored in this work. Equations of previous relevant works were generalised to include the $(1, -1)$ harmonic. Calculations were carried out for several magnitudes of the ratio of anti-helical to helical magnetic field harmonics. Positive effects were found already at the smallest anti-helical harmonic considered: when the latter ratio is 0.25, transitioning particles with the smallest and intermediate pitch parameters are confined and, moreover, their fraction decreased. When the ratio is 0.85, almost all transitioning particles are confined and their fraction is minimal; well-confined localised orbits dominate at the smallest pitch parameters.